Associations between Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index, bone mineral density and body composition in type 2 diabetes patients

doi:10.4239/wjd.v15.i3.403

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World Journal of Diabetes

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World J Diabetes. Mar 15, 2024; 15(3): 403-417
Published online Mar 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i3.403

Table 3 Comparison of baseline characteristics among younger type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Characteristics	Total (n = 219)	GNRI tertile 1 (n = 63)	GNRI tertile 2 (n = 68)	GNRI tertile 3 (n = 88)	F/H/χ²	P value
Women [n (%)]	111 (50.7)	40 (63.5)	33 (48.5)	38 (43.5)	5.786	0.016
Age (yr)	43.71 ± 7.23	45.87 ± 6.84	43.04 ± 6.45	42.67 ± 7.80	6.880	0.009
Height (cm)	167.33 ± 8.55	164.57 ± 8.13	167.1 ± 8.49	169.48 ± 8.38	12.759	< 0.001
Weight (kg)	71.00 (62.00-82.00)	60.00 (56.00-66.70)	70.00 (64.00-76.85)	83.05 (74.25-93.20)	10.568	< 0.001
Diabetes duration (yr)	4.44 ± 3.82	5.84 ± 3.91	4.82 ± 4.03	3.15 ± 3.14	20.524	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	25.42 (23.11-28.34)	22.72 (21.10-23.88)	25.32 (23.84-26.57)	28.60 (26.97-31.73)	11.641	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	128.84 ± 13.78	126.62 ± 13.78	123.6 ± 13.08	134.49 ± 12.31	16.237	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	81.74 ± 10.15	80.22 ± 10.41	77.99 ± 7.75	85.72 ± 10.30	14.496	< 0.001
Hypertension [n (%)]	66 (30.1)	17 (27.0)	21 (30.9)	28 (31.8)	0.383	0.536
GNRI (score)	107.2 (101.18-113.56)	97.28 (92.85-99.92)	105.69 (104.20-107.71)	114.90 (112.15-120.21)	15.551	< 0.001
Glucose-lowering therapies [n (%)]
Lifestyle alone	58 (26.5)	14 (22.2)	12 (17.6)	32 (36.4)	4.469	0.035
Insulin treatments	73 (33.3)	28 (44.4)	30 (44.1)	15 (17.0)	13.761	< 0.001
Insulin secretagogues	44 (20.1)	12 (19.0)	18 (26.5)	14 (15.9)	0.382	0.536
Insulin sensitizers	20 (9.1)	6 (9.5)	6 (8.8)	8 (9.1)	0.006	0.936
Metformin	92 (42.0)	20 (31.7)	31 (45.6)	41 (46.6)	2.617	0.106
AGIs	29 (13.2)	6 (9.5)	7 (10.3)	16 (18.2)	11.519	< 0.001
DPP-4Is	19 (8.7)	4 (6.3)	9 (13.2)	6 (6.8)	0.002	0.961
SGLT-2Is	26 (11.9)	11 (17.5)	8 (11.8)	7 (8.0)	3.118	0.077
GLP-1RAs	15 (6.8)	0 (0.0)	5 (7.4)	10 (11.4)	7.234	0.007
Statins	38 (17.4)	12 (19.0)	12 (17.6)	14 (15.9)	0.256	0.613
Laboratory findings
HbA1c (%)	8.99 ± 1.9	9.58 ± 2.26	9.07 ± 1.66	8.52 ± 1.69	12.151	0.001
Albumin (g/L)	39.00 (36.8-41.6)	36.20 (34.60-37.90)	39.15 (37.20-40.75)	41.60 (39.00-44.23)	9.497	< 0.001
Cr (µmol/L)	52.09 ± 12.75	48.4 ± 13.54	51.31 ± 10.27	55.35 ± 13.2	11.693	0.001
UA (µmol/L)	317.68 ± 112.65	270.22 ± 140.24	313.84 ± 90.09	354.62 ± 92.24	22.682	< 0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.99 (1.28-3.41)	1.50 (0.98-2.02)	2.03 (1.12-3.52)	2.46 (1.84-4.42)	5.412	< 0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.5 ± 1.09	4.37 ± 0.94	4.3 ± 0.85	4.75 ± 1.30	5.389	0.021
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.09 ± 0.25	1.15 ± 0.26	1.08 ± 0.21	1.06 ± 0.26	4.644	0.032
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.85 ± 0.87	2.92 ± 0.91	2.86 ± 0.79	2.79 ± 0.92	0.850	0.358
TBil (µmol/L)	10.99 ± 4.28	9.78 ± 3.67	11.11 ± 4.15	11.76 ± 4.63	7.855	0.006
OS (ng/mL)	11.93 ± 3.43	12.05 ± 3.14	11.77 ± 3.07	11.98 ± 3.90	0.008	0.931
β-CTX (ng/mL)	0.47 ± 0.21	0.53 ± 0.24	0.45 ± 0.19	0.44 ± 0.20	5.436	0.021
TP1NP (ng/mL)	41.58 ± 13.84	41.95 ± 11.58	40.21 ± 13.02	42.37 ± 15.87	0.075	0.784
DXA parameters (g/cm²)
LS-BMD	1.00 ± 0.14	0.96 ± 0.14	1.01 ± 0.13	1.02 ± 0.15	7.426	0.007
FN-BMD	0.82 ± 0.12	0.77 ± 0.11	0.82 ± 0.12	0.85 ± 0.11	18.433	< 0.001
H-BMD	0.94 ± 0.12	0.88 ± 0.11	0.94 ± 0.11	0.99 ± 0.11	34.357	< 0.001
T-BMD	1.13 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.11	1.12 ± 0.09	1.15 ± 0.10	8.681	0.004
Body composition
Total body fat (%)	31.76 ± 6.25	29.85 ± 5.69	31.24 ± 5.90	33.53 ± 6.49	13.922	< 0.001
Android/gynoid ratio	1.3 ± 0.22	1.21 ± 0.22	1.31 ± 0.19	1.37 ± 0.21	22.631	< 0.001
Fat mass index (kg/m²)	7.94 (6.55-9.26)	6.56 (5.61-7.63)	7.89 (6.52-8.88)	9.13 (7.71-11.21)	7.905	< 0.001
Lean mass index (kg/m²)	17.01 (15.45-18.66)	15.25 (14.14-16.62)	16.93 (15.82-18.37)	18.65 (17.26-20.34)	9.380	< 0.001
ASMI (kg/m²)	7.23 ± 1.31	6.23 ± 0.90	7.09 ± 1.00	8.04 ± 1.24	105.442	< 0.001

BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic/diastolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; GNRI: Geriatric nutritional risk index; AGIs: α-glucosidase inhibitors; DPP-4Is: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; SGLT-2Is: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; GLP-1RAs: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; Cr: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TBil: Total bilirubin; OS: Osteocalcin; β-CTX: β-collagen special sequence; TP1NP: Total type I procollagen N-terminal extension peptide; DXA: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; LS-BMD: Lumbar spine (L1-L4) bone mineral density; FN-BMD: Femoral neck bone mineral density; H-BMD: Hip bone mineral density; T-BMD: Total (whole-body) bone mineral density; ASMI: Appendicular skeletal muscle index.

Citation: Zhu XX, Yao KF, Huang HY, Wang LH. Associations between Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index, bone mineral density and body composition in type 2 diabetes patients. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(3): 403-417
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v15/i3/403.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i3.403