Associations between Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index, bone mineral density and body composition in type 2 diabetes patients

doi:10.4239/wjd.v15.i3.403

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World Journal of Diabetes

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World J Diabetes. Mar 15, 2024; 15(3): 403-417
Published online Mar 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i3.403

Table 2 Comparison of baseline characteristics among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients stratified by the tertiles of age

Characteristics	Total (n = 689)	Younger¹ (n = 219)	Older² (n = 470)	χ²/t/z	P value
Women [n (%)]	295 (42.8)	111 (50.7)	184 (39.1)	8.120	0.004
Age (yr)	55.59 ± 10.88	43.71 ± 7.23	61.12 ± 7.25	-29.374	< 0.001
Height (cm)	166.89 ± 8.24	167.33 ± 8.55	166.69 ± 8.1	0.951	0.342
Weight (kg)	70.00 (62.00-80.00)	71.00 (62.00-82.00)	70.00 (62.00-80.00)	-1.178	0.239
Diabetes duration (yr)	7.33 ± 6.20	4.44 ± 3.82	8.68 ± 6.62	-10.603	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	25.39 (23.23-27.78)	25.42 (23.11-28.34)	25.39 (23.32-27.55)	-1.001	0.317
SBP (mmHg)	133.84 ± 15.34	128.84 ± 13.78	136.16 ± 15.49	-5.977	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	81.00 ± 9.88	81.74 ± 10.15	80.65 ± 9.75	1.342	0.180
Hypertension [n (%)]	333 (48.3)	66 (30.1)	267 (56.8)	42.556	< 0.001
GNRI (score)	105.61 (99.64-112.01)	107.2 (101.18-113.56)	105.09 (98.93-110.98)	-2.880	0.004
Glucose-lowering therapies
Lifestyle alone [n (%)]	121 (17.6)	58 (26.5)	63 (13.4)	17.653	< 0.001
Insulin treatments [n (%)]	248 (36.0)	73 (33.3)	175 (37.2)	0.987	0.321
Insulin secretagogues [n (%)]	222 (32.2)	44 (20.1)	178 (37.9)	21.627	< 0.001
Insulin sensitizers [n (%)]	79 (11.5)	20 (9.1)	59 (12.6)	1.722	1.189
Metformin [n (%)]	322 (46.7)	92 (42.0)	230 (48.9)	2.880	0.090
AGIs [n (%)]	105 (15.2)	29 (13.2)	76 (16.2)	0.992	0.319
DPP-4Is [n (%)]	57 (8.3)	19 (8.7)	38 (8.1)	0.069	0.793
SGLT-2Is [n (%)]	93 (13.5)	26 (11.9)	67 (14.3)	0.727	0.394
GLP-1RAs [n (%)]	41 (6.0)	15 (6.8)	26 (5.5)	0.463	0.496
Statins [n (%)]	122 (17.7)	38 (17.4)	84 (17.9)	0.028	0.868
Laboratory findings
HbA1c (%)	8.99 ± 1.85	8.99 ± 1.9	8.98 ± 1.82	0.075	0.941
Albumin (g/L)	38.50 (36.20-41.30)	39.00 (36.8-41.6)	38.25 (35.8-41)	-2.470	0.014
Cr (µmol/L)	58.51 ± 21.32	52.09 ± 12.75	61.5 ± 23.74	-6.750	< 0.001
UA (µmol/L)	312.68 ± 99.25	317.68 ± 112.65	310.35 ± 92.39	0.903	0.367
TG (mmol/L)	1.89 (1.18-3.11)	1.99 (1.28-3.41)	1.78 (1.15-2.87)	-1.940	0.052
TC (mmol/L)	4.41 ± 1.06	4.5 ± 1.09	4.37 ± 1.04	1.475	0.141
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.14 ± 0.27	1.09 ± 0.25	1.16 ± 0.27	-3.049	0.002
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.81 ± 0.87	2.85 ± 0.87	2.79 ± 0.87	0.803	0.422
TBil (µmol/L)	11.21 ± 4.71	10.99 ± 4.28	11.31 ± 4.89	-0.836	0.404
OS (ng/mL)	11.85 ± 3.99	11.93 ± 3.43	11.81 ± 4.23	0.409	0.683
β-CTX (ng/mL)	0.45 ± 0.22	0.47 ± 0.21	0.45 ± 0.23	1.137	0.256
TP1NP (ng/mL)	40.73 ± 14.53	41.58 ± 13.84	40.34 ± 14.84	1.044	0.297
DXA parameters (g/cm²)
LS-BMD	0.97 ± 0.16	1.00 ± 0.14	0.95 ± 0.16	4.126	< 0.001
FN-BMD	0.77 ± 0.12	0.82 ± 0.12	0.75 ± 0.12	6.360	< 0.001
H-BMD	0.91 ± 0.13	0.94 ± 0.12	0.89 ± 0.13	5.441	< 0.001
T-BMD	1.10 ± 0.12	1.13 ± 0.1	1.08 ± 0.12	4.643	< 0.001
Body composition
Total body fat (%)	31.03 ± 6.56	31.76 ± 6.25	30.69 ± 6.68	2.001	0.046
Android/gynoid ratio	1.31 ± 0.22	1.3 ± 0.22	1.31 ± 0.21	-0.107	0.915
Fat mass index (kg/m²)	7.53 (6.20-9.09)	7.94 (6.55-9.26)	7.32 (6.17-8.99)	-2.621	0.009
Lean mass index (kg/m²)	16.95 (15.53-18.54)	17.01 (15.45-18.66)	16.94 (15.56-18.51)	-0.952	0.341
ASMI (kg/m²)	7.09 ± 1.17	7.23 ± 1.31	7.02 ± 1.09	2.026	0.043

¹Men aged < 50 years and women aged < 55 years.

²Men aged ≥ 50 years and postmenopausal women aged ≥ 55 years.

BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic/diastolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; GNRI: Geriatric nutritional risk index; AGIs: α-glucosidase inhibitors; DPP-4Is: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; SGLT-2Is: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; GLP-1RAs: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; Cr: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TBil: Total bilirubin; OS: Osteocalcin; β-CTX: β-collagen special sequence; TP1NP: Total type I procollagen N-terminal extension peptide; DXA: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; LS-BMD: Lumbar spine (L1-L4) bone mineral density; FN-BMD: Femoral neck bone mineral density; H-BMD: Hip bone mineral density; T-BMD: Total (whole-body) bone mineral density; ASMI: Appendicular skeletal muscle index.

Citation: Zhu XX, Yao KF, Huang HY, Wang LH. Associations between Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index, bone mineral density and body composition in type 2 diabetes patients. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(3): 403-417
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v15/i3/403.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i3.403