Stem cell exosomes: New hope for recovery from diabetic brain hemorrhage

Table 3 Potential clinical applications and future directions for exosome-based therapies for diabetic neurological complications

Application/direction	Clinical application	Future directions	Ref.
Exosome-based delivery of miR-129-5p	Targeted therapy: Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells loaded with miR-129-5p can target HMGB1, potentially attenuating neurological impairments in diabetic cerebral hemorrhage	Expand research: Investigate the effectiveness of miR-129-5p-loaded exosomes in broader diabetic and nondiabetic neurological conditions and optimize exosome delivery systems for enhanced therapeutic efficacy	Wang et al[1], 2024
Reduction of inflammation through exosomal cargo	Anti-inflammatory effects: Exosomes can deliver anti-inflammatory agents to mitigate neuroinflammation in diabetic cerebral hemorrhage	Explore mechanisms: Study the specific exosomal components responsible for reducing inflammation and their impacts on long-term outcomes in diabetic patients	Gómez-de Frutos et al[2], 2024
Exosome-mediated neuroprotection	Neuroprotective strategies: Utilizing exosomes to deliver neuroprotective agents can reduce oxidative stress and cell death in diabetic neurological complications	Develop neuroprotective formulations: Focus on formulating exosomes with neuroprotective agents and assessing their safety and efficacy in clinical trials	Cheng et al[4], 2024
Biomarker discovery and monitoring	Diagnostic tool: Exosomal microRNAs can serve as biomarkers for the early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression in diabetic neurological disorders	Validate biomarkers: Conduct longitudinal studies to validate exosomal biomarkers and their predictive value for disease outcomes	Liao et al[8], 2023
Combination therapies	Synergistic approaches: Combining exosome-based therapies with other treatments, such as hyperglycemia management and lifestyle modifications, can enhance overall therapeutic efficacy	Integrate therapies: Explore synergistic effects of combining exosome-based therapies with traditional and novel treatments in clinical settings	Su et al[7], 2024
Personalized medicine	Tailored treatments: Personalized exosome-based therapies can be developed on the basis of individual patient profiles and specific disease mechanisms	Customize approaches: Research personalized exosome-based treatments tailored to the genetic and metabolic profiles of diabetic patients	Zeinhom et al[9], 2024

This table outlines the potential clinical applications and future research directions for exosome-based therapies for managing diabetic neurological complications. It highlights the current therapeutic uses, anticipated advancements, and areas requiring further investigation to optimize these novel treatments. HMGB1: High-mobility group box 1.