Stem cell exosomes: New hope for recovery from diabetic brain hemorrhage

Table 2 Comparative analysis of miR-129-5p modulation and high-mobility group box 1 targeting in diabetic and nondiabetic cerebral hemorrhage

Mechanism	Diabetic cerebral hemorrhage	Nondiabetic cerebral hemorrhage	Ref.
miR-129-5p modulation	Regulates neuroinflammation: MiR-129-5p from bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cell–derived exosomes modulates neuroinflammation by targeting HMGB1, which reduces neurological impairment and oxidative stress	Modulates neuroinflammation and cellular stress: Similar pathways involving miR-129-5p can modulate inflammation and oxidative stress, but they are less studied in nondiabetic contexts	Wang et al[1], 2024; Gómez-de Frutos et al[2], 2024
HMGB1 targeting	Attenuates damage: Targeting HMGB1 with miR-129-5p-loaded exosomes can alleviate brain damage by reducing inflammatory responses and promoting cellular repair	Reduces inflammation and promotes recovery: Targeting HMGB1 may reduce inflammation and support recovery, but the specific mechanisms and efficacy may differ because of the absence of diabetes-related complications	Wang et al[1], 2024; Cheng et al[4], 2024
Impact on neurological outcomes	Improves outcomes significantly: Enhanced targeting of HMGB1 and reduction in neuroinflammation lead to more favorable recovery in diabetic cerebral hemorrhage models	Varied outcomes: The efficacy of HMGB1 targeting in nondiabetic hemorrhages can be variable, with outcomes influenced by the absence of diabetes-related factors	Gómez-de Frutos et al[2], 2024; Larsson et al[3], 2024
Mechanistic differences	Diabetes-specific effects: The presence of diabetes affects the baseline inflammatory state and cellular response, influencing how miR-129-5p and HMGB1 targeting modify outcomes	General mechanisms: In nondiabetic conditions, the effects of miR-129-5p and HMGB1 targeting are based on standard inflammatory pathways without additional diabetes-related complications	Lv Y et al[5], 2024; Southerland et al[6], 2024

This table provides a comparative analysis of the modulation of miR-129-5p and targeting of high-mobility group box 1 in diabetic vs nondiabetic cerebral hemorrhage. The differential impact on neuroinflammation, neurological outcomes, and specific mechanisms are highlighted to illustrate the variations in therapeutic efficacy and response between diabetic and nondiabetic conditions. HMGB1: High-mobility group box 1.