Effect of exercise during pregnancy on offspring development through ameliorating high glucose and hypoxia in gestational diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the pregnant women enrolled in this study, n (%)/mean ± SEM

	Normal (n = 20)	GDM (n = 20)	P value
Age (years)	29.6 ± 0.646	31.7 ± 0.915	0.07
Gravidity	1.2 ± 0.156	1.3 ± 0.128	0.62
Parity	1.15 ± 0.082	1.35 ± 0.109	0.15
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg)	68.19 ± 2.202	65.32 ± 1.45	0.28
Gestational weight gain (kg)	14.025 ± 0.806	12.39 ± 0.901	0.18
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/cm2)	26.269 ± 0.706	25.466 ± 0.395	0.43
OGTT during 24-28 week (mmol/L)
Fasting plasma glucose	4.353 ± 0.068	4.509 ± 0.094	0.19
1-hour plasma glucose	7.338 ± 0.328	9.285 ± 0.422	< 0.001
2-hour plasma glucose	6.371 ± 0.266	8.612 ± 0.381	< 0.001
Third trimester HbA1c (%)	5.25 ± 0.074	5.46 ± 0.108	0.12
Fetal sex			0.74
Male	6 (30)	7 (35)
Female	14 (70)	13 (65)
Neonatal birthweight (g)	3254.5 ± 110.307	3176 ± 105.732	0.61
Placental weight (g)	531.579 ± 12.502	522.143 ± 14.645	0.63

BMI: Body mass index; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin concentration.