Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2024; 15(10): 2081-2092
Published online Oct 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i10.2081
Table 1 Basic characteristics of the population
Characteristics
All (n = 994)Non-HDL-C levels (mmol/L)
P value
< 3.4 (n = 605)
3.4-4.9 (n = 316)
> 4.9 (n = 73)
Age (years)65.8 (35.0-89.0)66.0 (36.0-89.0)64.0 (35.0-86.0)64.0 (36.0-83.6)0.010
Sex (male/female)447/547278/327140/17629/440.576
Disease duration of T2DM (years)13.0 (0.0-40.0)13.0 (0.0-35.0)13.0 (0.0-40.0)11.0 (0.02-30.0)0.336
BMI (kg/m2)25.6 (14.38-47.97)25.6 (14.38-45.45)25.6 (16.0-47.9)25.6 (19.5-41.1)0.743
SBP (mmHg)130 (90-210)130 (90-190)130 (90-210)130 (110-180)0.294
DBP (mmHg)80 (50-120)80 (50-120)80 (50-110)80 (60-100)0.162
FPG (mmol/L)8.22 (2.88-24.52)7.79 (3.12-24.17)8.84 (2.88-23.49)9.97 (3.25-24.52)< 0.001
Fasting C peptide (ng/mL)2.30 (0.01-16.34)2.21 (0.01-13.35)2.37 (0.17-16.34)2.78 (0.27-6.93)0.008
HOMA-IR4.47 (0.04-279.63)4.22 (0.05-243.20)4.74 (0.47-279.63)5.43 (0.04-34.27)0.047
HbA1c (%)8.1 (4.9-15.1)7.8 (4.9-14.8)8.7 (5.4-15.1)9.2 (6.0-14.7)< 0.001
Creatinine (μmoI/L)62 (28-266)62 (30-241)60 (28-230)65 (30-266)0.016
eGFR [mL/min (1.73 m2)-1]101.1 (19.1-323.7)100.7 (21.1-291.4)103.5 (19.1-323.7)95.0 (22.4-284.9)0.009
UA (mmol/L)324 (7-811)324 (7-811)321 (98-797)338 (209-612)0.126
UACR (mg/g)4.0 (0.0-2404.2)4.1 (0.0-1637.8)2.6 (0.0-1796.2)12.8 (0.1-2402.2)0.013
25(OH)D (ng/mL)16.80 (3.00-57.55)17.52 (3.00-57.55)16.57 (3.00-50.21)14.73 (3.31-35.78)0.039
Fatty liver, n (%)533 (54.1)304 (50.6)180 (57.7)49 (67.1)0.002
Hypertension, n (%)561 (56.8)344 (57.2)172 (54.8)45 (61.6)0.530
Cardiovascular disease, n (%)155 (27.5)111 (33.5)34 (82.9)10 (24.4)0.002
Diabetic retinopathy, n (%)238 (24.1)142 (23.6)68 (21.8)28 (38.4)0.011
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy, n (%)411 (41.7)248 (41.2)123 (49.5)40 (54.8)0.055
Diabetic peripheral vascular disease, n (%)157 (38.8)89 (38.5)55 (38.5)13 (41.9)0.931
Serum lipid level (mmol/L)
TG1.35 (0.24-21.80)1.37 (0.24-8.59)1.69 (0.39-9.99)2.51 (0.63-21.80)< 0.001
TC4.25 (2.03-10.35)3.74 (2.03-5.74)5.07 (4.13-7.20)6.53 (5.58-10.35)< 0.001
LDL-C2.51 (0.15-6.88)2.08 (0.15-3.80)3.28 (1.12-4.66)4.32 (1.37-6.88)< 0.001
HDL-C1.10 (0.33-3.42)1.10 (0.33-3.42)1.10 (0.47-2.66)1.09 (0.58-1.90)0.896
non-HDL-C3.10 (1.02-9.30)2.56 (1.02-3.39)3.95 (3.40-4.89)5.3 (4.90-9.30)< 0.001
RC0.53 (-1.31-7.93)0.45 (-1.31-2.40)0.67 (-0.34-3.66)1.13 (-0.33-7.93)< 0.001
Thyroid function and indices of thyroid hormone sensitivity
FT3 (pg/mL)2.93 (0.91-4.49)2.93 (0.91-4.19)2.97 (1.01-4.49)2.80 (1.15-3.97)0.006
FT4 (ng/dL)1.19 (0.72-1.59)1.18 (0.72-1.92)1.18 (0.75-1.96)1.21 (0.76-1.59)0.905
TSH (uIU/mL)1.74 (0.01-9.89)1.65 (0.07-9.89)1.86 (0.07-9.48)2.03 (0.16-9.12)0.017
FT3/FT42.47 ± 0.472.47 ± 0.472.48 ± 0.452.34 ± 0.520.040
TT4RI2.10 (0.01-12.23)1.99 (0.10-9.89)2.27 (0.1-12.23)2.56 (0.20-8.43)0.008
TSHI0.72 (-4.43-2.42)0.66 (-2.48-2.42)0.79 (-4.43-2.42)0.91 (-1.66-2.63)0.010
TFQI0.00 ± 0.35-0.02 ± 0.360.03 ± 0.340.08 ± 0.340.026
The data are expressed as the means ± SDs, medians (upper and lower quartiles) or n (%). BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; UA: uric acid; UACR: urinary albumin-creatinine ratio; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; non-HDL-C: Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RC: remnant cholesterol; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyrotropin; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSHI: Thyroid-stimulating hormone index; TT4RI: Thyrotrophic T4 resistance index; TFQI: Thyroid feedback quantile-based index.