Myricetin induces M2 macrophage polarization to alleviate renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy via PI3K/Akt pathway

Figure 5 High glucose induced the M1 macrophage polarization of RAW 264. 7 cells. A and B: Flow cytometry analysis of RAW 264.7 macrophages labeled with CD86 and CD206 exposed to different concentrations of glucose (A) and to 33.3 mmol/L glucose for different times (B); C and D: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels induced by different concentrations of glucose (C) and by 33.3 mmol/L glucose for different times (D); E and F: Relative cytokine mRNA (E) and protein (F) levels of iNOS, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and arginase-1 after exposure to 33.3 mmol/L glucose for 24 h detected by reverse transcription-PCR (E) and western blotting (F). Arg-1: Arginase-1; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL: Interleukin; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; HG: High-glucose. ^bP < 0.05.