Body composition and metabolic syndrome in patients with type 1 diabetes

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of type 1 diabetes with and without metabolic syndrome

Parameter	MS (-), n = 85	MS (+), n = 16	P value
Age (yr)	30.87 ± 16.44	31.50 ± 8.63	0.823
Duration	11.04 ± 9.17	12.96 ± 5.08	0.421
Male (%)	38 (44.71)	7 (43.75)	0.944
Smoking (%)	2 (2.35)	0 (0)	0.535
Drinking (%)	3 (3.53)	2 (12.50)	0.129
Family history of Diabetes (presence) (%)	17 (20.00)	11 (68.75)	< 0.001
Insulin regimen
Insulin pump	16	3	0.746
Basal-bolus insulin	66	13
Pre-mix insulin	3	0
Insulin dose (IU/kg)	0.86 ± 0.38	0.76 ± 0.27	0.775
Frequency of hypoglycemia (times/month)	2.89 ± 3.24	1.43 ± 1.46	0.082
SBP (mmHg)	120.92 ± 13.95	130.50 ± 11.49	0.011
DBP (mmHg)	79.45 ± 9.77	87.00 ± 6.71	0.004
BMI (kg/m2)	19.82 ± 2.57	27.13 ± 4.07	<0.001
Waist (cm)	66.91 ± 7.26	85.63 ± 10.42	< 0.001
ZnT8 (+) (%)	18 (21.18)	0 (0)	0.042
IA2 (+) (%)	29 (34.12)	3 (18.75)	0.225
GAD (+) (%)	37 (43.53)	3 (18.75)	0.063
TPOAb (+) (%)	52 (61.18)	2 (12.50)	0.009
HDL (mmol/L)	1.81 ± 0.48	1.29 ± 0.42	< 0.001
LDL (mmol/L)	2.69 ± 0.99	3.50 ± 0.90	0.003
TG (mmol/L)	0.83 ± 0.46	1.85 ± 0.88	< 0.001
CHOL (mmol/L)	4.73 ± 1.15	5.44 ± 1.24	0.029
UA (μmol/L)	317.72 ± 90.24	417.63 ± 128.40	< 0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	8.35 ± 4.20	8.51 ± 5.29	0.894
HbA1c (%)	7.34 ± 1.42	7.69 ± 1.91	0.388
eGDR	8.42 ± 1.88	4.02 ± 0.87	< 0.001

SBP: Significantly higher systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; BMI: Body mass index; GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; TPOAb: Thyroid peroxidase antibody; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; TG: Triglyceride; UA: Uric acid; CHOL: Cholesterol; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; eGDR: Estimated glucose disposal rate.