Heterogeneously elevated branched-chain/aromatic amino acids among new-onset type-2 diabetes mellitus patients are potentially skewed diabetes predictors

doi:10.4239/wjd.v15.i1.53

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 15, Issue 1

This Article

Academic Content and Language Evaluation of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Number of Hits and Downloads for This Article

Total Article Views (2560)

All Articles published online

The chart showing PDF series, WORD series, HTML series, Figures (1-1) series, Tables (1-3) series.

Item

Count

PDF

137

WORD

HTML

1367

Figures (1-1)

187

Tables (1-3)

200

Sum=1901

Publishing Process of This Article

The chart showing Browse series, Download series.

Item

Count

Browse

206

Download

342

Sum=548

Jan 15, 2024 (publication date) through Dec 1, 2024

Times Cited of This Article

Times Cited (5)

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Diabetes

ISSN

1948-9358

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2024; 15(1): 53-71
Published online Jan 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i1.53

Table 2 One-way/two-way ANOVA of serum amino acids in newly onset type-2 diabetes mellitus patients of normal weight, overweight and obesity (mean ± SD)

		NW	OW	OB	Obesity, F, P (1-way ANOVA)	Obesity, F, P (2-way ANOVA)	Sex, F value, P value	Obesity × sex interaction, F value, P value	Age-adjusted F value, P value	Onset-adjusted, F value, P value	Metf. dose-adjusted, F value, P value
HbA1c (%)	Pooled	10.96 ± 2.73	9.91 ± 2.69	9.09 ± 2.40^a	3.471, 0.035^a	2.888, 0.061^d	1.603, 0.209	0.376, 0.688	NS	NS	NS
	Male	11.51 ± 2.93	10.07 ± 2.78	9.25 ± 2.16	3.012, 0.058^d
	Female	10.12 ± 2.24	9.70 ± 2.64	8.85 ± 2.82	0.661, 0.522
TC (mmol/L)	Pooled	4.82 ± 1.36	4.68 ± 1.65	4.55 ± 1.10	0.229, 0.796	0.239, 0.788	1.020, 0.315	0.035, 0.965	NS	NS	NS
	Male	4.91 ± 1.24	4.80 ± 1.96	4.73 ± 1.14	0.053, 0.948
	Female	4.68 ± 1.58	4.52 ± 1.15	4.29 ± 1.04	0.243, 0.786
TG (mmol/L)	Pooled	3.12 ± 6.77	2.73 ± 3.18	4.66 ± 4.20	1.161, 0.318	0.992, 0.375	1.758, 0.188	0.253, 0.777	NS	NS	NS
	Male	3.85 ± 8.61	2.91 ± 3.94	5.45 ± 4.99	0.711, 0.496
	Female	2.00 ± 1.64	2.49 ± 1.80	3.53 ± 2.54	1.683, 0.200
HDL (mmol/L)	Pooled	1.07 ± 0.27	1.03 ± 0.27	0.86 ± 0.22	4.744, 0.011^a	4.478, 0.014^a	0.998, 0.320	0.337, 0.715	NS	NS	NS
	Male	1.07 ± 0.26	0.98 ± 0.23	0.84 ± 0.24	3.602, 0.034^a
	Female	1.08 ± 0.31	1.09 ± 0.32	0.88 ± 0.19	1.635, 0.209
LDL (mmol/L)	Pooled	2.82 ± 1.10	2.81 ± 0.87	2.34 ± 1.02	1.922, 0.152	1.670, 0.194	0.009, 0.925	0.121, 0.887	NS	NS	NS
	Male	2.83 ± 0.96	2.87 ± 0.84	2.29 ± 0.99	1.870, 0.164
Histidine (μg/L)	Pooled	188.42 ± 40.62	197.28 ± 57.63	219.62 ± 53.34	2.488, 0.089	2.010, 0.140	3.614, 0.060^d	0.651, 0.524	NS	NS	NS
	Male	190.30 ± 45.33	205.95 ± 62.41	234.87 ± 49.68	2.680, 0.078^d
	Female	185.53 ± 33.68	185.72 ± 49.92	197.59 ± 53.32	0.234, 0.792
Arginine (μg/L)	Pooled	458.53 ± 180.93	480.08 ± 198.77	507.06 ± 127.36	0.487, 0.616	0.423, 0.656	0.219, 0.641	0.044, 0.957	NS	NS	NS
	Male	459.85 ± 163.56	492.30 ± 231.02	516.31 ± 131.56	0.369, 0.693
	Female	456.51 ± 211.98	463.80 ± 150.31	493.70 ± 127.59	0.140, 0.870
β-Alanine (μg/L)	Pooled	436.45 ± 188.57	445.91, 188.70	394.88, 202.89	0.530, 0.591	0.402, 0.670	0.569, 0.452	0.942, 0.394	NS	NS	NS
	Male	454.86 ± 200.68	425.40 ± 177.60	357.16 ± 178.59	1.100, 0.340
	Female	408.11 ± 172.11	473.25 ± 204.50	449.37 ± 233.59	0.395, 0.676
Carnosine (μg/L)	Pooled	5.99 ± 1.37	5.98 ± 2.06	6.95 ± 1.50	2.671, 0.074	3.122, 0.049	0.013, 0.908	1.193, 0.308	NS	NS	NS
	Male	6.27 ± 1.41	5.93 ± 2.36	6.65 ± 1.34	0.632, 0.535
	Female	5.55 ± 1.22	6.04 ± 1.63	7.39 ± 1.69^a	4.035, 0.026^a
Serine (μg/L)	Pooled	268.73 ± 91.46	239.17 ± 83.33	283.56 ± 79.43	2.258, 0.110	2.182, 0.119	7.451, 0.008^b	0.567, 0.569	NS	NS	NS
	Male	297.99 ± 77.49	256.57 ± 87.30	295.74 ± 64.80	1.817, 0.172
	Female	223.72 ± 95.80	215.97 ± 73.74	265.98 ± 98.35	1.038, 0.364
Taurine (μg/L)	Pooled	71.97 ± 18.22	78.96 ± 30.38	75.98 ± 22.23	0.721, 0.489	1.054, 0.353	1.714, 0.194	0.685, 0.507	9.335, 0.003^b	NS	NS
	Male	72.61 ± 17.85	74.52 ± 30.24	76.10 ± 21.65	0.083, 0.921
	Female	71.00 ± 19.47	84.88 ± 30.39	75.81 ± 24.38	1.131, 0.334
Alanine (μg/L)	Pooled	130.77 ± 49.32	139.06 ± 40.66	168.94 ± 56.03^a	4.531, 0.013^a	3.967, 0.022^a	0.007, 0.934	0.812, 0.447	NS	NS	NS
	Male	123.80 ± 46.98	143.52 ± 40.18	170.88 ± 56.72^a	4.013, 0.024^a
	Female	141.51 ± 52.77	133.10 ± 41.67	166.14 ± 58.32	1.357, 0.270
Asparagine (μg/L)	Pooled	36.73 ± 13.82	30.17 ± 16.07	40.40 ± 13.67^c	3.900, 0.024^a	3.817, 0.026^a	7.684, 0.007^b	0.586, 0.559	NS	NS	NS
	Male	38.32 ± 15.37	34.05 ± 18.30	45.52 ± 11.83	2.161, 0.125
	Female	34.28 ± 11.16	25.01 ± 10.95	33.01 ± 13.30	2.865, 0.070^d
Glutamine (μg/L)	Pooled	464.62 ± 156.05	450.21 ± 188.81	489.96 ± 120.18	0.422, 0.657	0.530, 0.590	0.652, 0.421	0.857, 0.428	NS	NS	NS
	Male	459.31 ± 156.09	486.60 ± 219.88	495.68 ± 135.66	0.192, 0.826
	Female	472.80 ± 162.00	401.70 ± 127.29	481.70 ± 100.88	1.534, 0.229
Glutamate (μg/L)	Pooled	2812.36 ± 1104.11	2768.39 ± 1153.78	3588.65 ± 1138.22^a^,^e	4.259, 0.017^a	4.028, 0.021^a	5.188, 0.025^a	0.176, 0.839	NS	NS	NS
	Male	2949.39 ± 1011.65	3028.47 ± 1234.29	3866.48 ± 1088.44	3.039, 0.056^d
	Female	2601.55 ± 1245.38	2421.62 ± 962.57	3187.33 ± 1147.67	1.470, 0.243
Lysine (μg/L)	Pooled	341.06 ± 128.62	365.48 ± 152.71	423.72 ± 142.42	2.262, 0.110	2.087, 0.130	6.688, 0.011^a	0.376, 0.687	NS	NS	NS
	Male	357.60 ± 124.07	406.28 ± 172.85	462.00 ± 157.70	1.831, 0.170
	Female	315.62 ± 136.32	311.08 ± 101.65	368.42 ± 100.58	0.833, 0.443
Hydroxyproline (μg/L)	Pooled	21.09 ± 11.77	14.33 ± 11.68^a	21.41 ± 12.09	4.050, 0.021^a	3.901, 0.024^a	9.074, 0.003^b	0.614, 0.543	NS	NS	NS
	Male	22.84 ± 12.69	17.00 ± 12.59	26.07 ± 12.48	2.472, 0.094
	Female	18.39 ± 10.06	10.78 ± 9.55	14.67 ± 7.98	2.490, 0.097
Threonine (μg/L)	Pooled	201.17 ± 88.38	208.93 ± 86.51	236.53 ± 82.51	1.173, 0.314	0.950, 0.390	3.035, 0.085^d	0.293, 0.746	NS	NS	NS
	Male	209.66 ± 92.11	217.95 ± 89.86	258.54 ± 87.84	1.259, 0.292
	Female	188.12 ± 84.22	196.90 ± 82.80	204.73 ± 66.12	0.118, 0.889
Citrulline (μg/L)	Pooled	95.53 ± 32.87	90.68 ± 34.25	94.71 ± 27.50	0.237, 0.790	0.527, 0.592	6.414, 0.013^a	0.001, 0.999	6.232, 0.014^a	NS	NS
	Male	101.68 ± 34.73	96.78 ± 38.17	98.59 ± 30.95	0.105, 0.901
	Female	86.06 ± 28.48	82.54 ± 27.12	89.11 ± 22.12	0.195, 0.824
Proline (μg/L)	Pooled	2313.70 ± 644.63	2244.77 ± 716.36	2561.43 ± 555.47	1.707, 0.187	3.138, 0.048^a	0.941, 0.335	3.279, 0.042^a	6.754, 0.011^a	NS	NS
	Male	2176.16 ± 572.03	2404.58 ± 839.03	2604.08 ± 534.61	1.560, 0.220
	Female	2525.30 ± 714.13	2031.68 ± 448.42^a	2499.81 ± 611.56	3.418, 0.043^a
Homocysteine (μg/L)	Pooled	2.50 ± 1.71	2.68 ± 1.64	2.27 ± 1.33	0.481, 0.620	0.800, 0.453	0.194, 0.661	1.812, 0.169	NS	NS	NS
	Male	2.26 ± 1.66	2.39 ± 1.43	2.61 ± 1.52	0.205, 0.815
	Female	2.88 ± 1.78	3.06 ± 1.85	1.77 ± 0.82	1.916, 0.161
Valine (μg/L)	Pooled	3839.99 ± 883.13	3718.96 ± 851.75	4259.02 ± 820.20	2.938, 0.058^d	2.627, 0.078^d	1.547, 0.217	1.385, 0.256	NS	NS	NS
	Male	3763.81 ± 926.69	3876.21 ± 837.88	4465.80 ± 583.75	3.144, 0.051^d
	Female	3957.18 ± 833.97	3509.28 ± 847.57	3960.35 ± 1041.61	1.264, 0.294
Methionine (μg/L)	Pooled	2.44 ± 1.86	2.48 ± 1.97	3.21 ± 2.24	1.201, 0.306	0.754, 0.473	3.091, 0.082^d	2.568, 0.082^d	NS	NS	NS
	Male	2.23 ± 1.92	2.84 ± 2.11	3.99 ± 2.50	2.658, 0.079^d
	Female	2.76 ± 1.78	2.01 ± 1.70	2.09 ± 1.15	0.879, 0.424
Isoleucine (μg/L)	Pooled	306.68 ± 75.83	326.23 ± 81.56	357.51 ± 75.72	2.778, 0.067	2.325, 0.104	6.977, 0.010^b	0.786, 0.459	NS	NS	NS
	Male	313.67 ± 73.98	343.49 ± 87.07	386.75 ± 75.14^a	3.283, 0.045^a
	Female	295.93 ± 80.37	303.21 ± 69.32	315.27 ± 56.43	0.200, 0.820
Leucine(μg/L)	Pooled	492.26 ± 136.62	518.94 ± 147.01	577.40 ± 153.91	2.301, 0.106	1.909, 0.154	8.751, 0.004^b	0.856, 0.428	NS	NS	NS
	Male	511.46 ± 137.96	548.74 ± 163.13	638.14 ± 137.20	2.896, 0.064^d
	Female	462.73 ± 134.45	479.21 ± 114.87	489.66 ± 138.87	0.129, 0.879
Tyrosine (μg/L)	Pooled	155.13 ± 57.40	166.00 ± 63.14	203.68 ± 74.79^a	3.998, 0.022^a	3.370, 0.039^a	5.255, 0.024^a	1.448, 0.240	NS	NS	NS
	Male	154.79 ± 57.19	182.95 ± 70.70	225.47 ± 58.95^b	4.857, 0.011^a
	Female	155.65 ± 60.07	143.39 ± 43.65	172.21 ± 87.10	0.685, 0.511
Phenylalanine (μg/L)	Pooled	664.47 ± 163.17	699.89 ± 172.50	785.74 ± 197.37^a	3.223, 0.044^a	2.909, 0.060^d	2.806, 0.097^d	0.384, 0.682	NS	NS	NS
	Male	688.44 ± 154.62	709.87 ± 191.09	828.45 ± 208.14	2.534, 0.089^d
	Female	627.58 ± 175.24	686.60 ± 148.44	724.03 ± 173.28	1.002, 0.377
Tryptophan(μg/L)	Pooled	658.00 ± 150.01	694.36 ± 188.43	790.15 ± 162.27^a	4.082, 0.020^a	4.277, 0.017^a	13.121, 0.000^b	0.051, 0.951	NS	NS	NS
	Male	702.38 ± 151.16	746.40 ± 193.72	847.94 ± 127.90	3.062, 0.055^d
	Female	589.72 ± 124.48	624.97 ± 161.06	706.66 ± 176.95	1.567, 0.222

^aP < 0.05 vs normal weight (or male vs female).

^bP < 0.01, vs normal weight (or male vs female).

^cP < 0.1 vs overweight.

^dP < 0.1 vs normal weight.

^eP < 0.01, vs overweight.

NS: Not significant, NW: Normal weight; OB: Obesity; OW: Overweight; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein.

Citation: Wang M, Ou Y, Yuan XL, Zhu XF, Niu B, Kang Z, Zhang B, Ahmed A, Xing GQ, Su H. Heterogeneously elevated branched-chain/aromatic amino acids among new-onset type-2 diabetes mellitus patients are potentially skewed diabetes predictors. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(1): 53-71
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v15/i1/53.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i1.53