MicroRNA-155 mediates endogenous angiotensin II type 1 receptor regulation: implications for innovative type 2 diabetes mellitus management

Table 1 Direct gene targets of microRNA-155 relevant to type 2 diabetes mellitus

Gene symbol	Full gene name	Action
AGTR1	Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene	Repressed translation downregulates gene expression mediating endogenous AT1R antagonism[9,10,21]. Human in-vitro and in-vivo studies
ARG2	Arginase-2	Repressed translation prevents L-arginine depletion, supports dendritic cell maturation, and negates lung pathologies[22,23]. Human and mouse in-vitro and in-vivo studies
BACH1	BTB and CNC homology 1, basic leucine zipper transcription factor 1	Translational repression of BACH1 leads to potent anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, antioxidant programs through Heme Oxygenase-1[12]. Review of human in-vitro and in-vivo studies
C/EBPβ	CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β	Repression downregulates Pyruvate Kinase 4 (PDK4) gene expression and negatively regulates Pyruvate kinase complex (PDC) activity, thereby improving glucose utilization [16]. Mouse in-vitro and human in-vivo studies
ETS-1	E26 Transformation-specific Sequence-1	Translational repression averts Ang II effects involving gene regulation of vascular remodeling, angiogenesis, and inflammation[9,10,24]. Review of human in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Mouse in-vitro and in-vivo studies
HDAC4	Histone deacetylase 4	Its repression increases GLUT4 and enhances glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues, i.e., skeletal muscle[16]. Mouse in-vitro and human in-vivo studies
CACNA1C (Cav1.2)	L-type calcium channel subunit, LTCC	As a subunit of the L-type calcium channel, this pro-constrictive gene contributes to influx of calcium in vascular smooth muscle cells and reactive oxygen species production, thereby mediating the important components of vascular aging: Vasoconstriction and vascular oxidative stress[21]. Human in-vitro and in-vivo studies
SOCS1	Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1	Repression prevents the degradation of IRS-1 (Insulin Receptor Substrate-1) protein that mediates the effect of insulin in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Supports the JAK2/Y343/STAT5 pathway through which the protective effects of EPO against ischemic injury are mediated[16,25]. Human in-vivo study. Mouse in-vitro and in-vivo study

AT1R: Angiotensin II Type 1 receptor; Ang II: Angiotensin II; LTCC: L-type calcium channel; EPO: Erythropoietin; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; JAK2: Janus kinase 2; STAT5: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5.