Advanced glycation end products: Key mediator and therapeutic target of cardiovascular complications in diabetes

Figure 3 Anti-advanced glycation end product therapeutic strategies. Anti-AGE therapies target multiple pathways based on AGE-mediated effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated complications. These include inhibitors of AGE formation, AGE crosslink breakers, and AGE–RAGE for AGE signaling blockers. The uses of phytochemicals having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are also providing options to arrest the detrimental effects of AGEs by reducing peroxidative inflammatory reactions through carbonyl scavengers, protein glycation inhibitors and free radical scavengers which can reduce oxidative stress. RAGE: Receptor for advanced glycation end products; AGEs: Advanced glycation end products; sRAGE: Soluble RAGE.