Risk and predictors of severity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 in Dubai

Table 2 The association between demographic characteristics, comorbidities, symptoms, signs, laboratory measurements, radiographic and severity indices of chest infection and disease outcome observed in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with and without type 2 diabetes in Dubai

Characteristics	T2D (n = 427)			Without T2D (n = 656)
	Survivors (n = 364)	Non-survivors (n = 63)	P value	Survivors (n = 624)	Non-survivors (n = 32)	P valuea < 0.001
A: Demographics and comorbidities [n (%)]
Males: No (%)	325 (86)	53 (14)	0.164	484 (94.1)	30 (5.9)	0.072
Females: No (%)	39 (79.6)	10 (20.4)		140 (98.6)	2 (1.4)
Age: Yr (± SD)	50.76 (10.92)	54.86 (12.58)	0.02	38.83 (13.42)	48.58 (12.43)	< 0.001
BMI (±SD)	28.81 (5.53)	28.69 (5.08)	0.841	27.15 (4.95)	28.03 (5.05)	0.400
Hypertension, No (%)	137 (37.6)	28 (44.4)	0.188	77 (12.4)	11 (30.6)	0.005
B: Symptoms and signs [n (%)]
Fever	306 (86.4)	52 (82.5)	0.26	502 (82.8)	26 (81.0)	0.484
Cough	256 (72.3)	47 (74.6)	0.418	359 (59.2)	29 (90.6)	< 0.001
Sore throat	50 (14.1)	2 (3.2)	0.007	146 (24.1)	4 (12.5)	0.093
Dyspnea	224 (63.3)	52 (82.5)	0.002	222 (36.6)	28 (87.5)	< 0.001
Headache	23 (6.5)	1 (1.6)	0.097	73 (12)	1 (3.1)	0.095
C: Laboratory measurements [mean (± SD)]
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12.69 (2.06)	10.95 (1.36)	< 0.001	13.6 (1.7)	10.7 (1.2)	< 0.001
MCV (fL)	85.98 (41)	83.95 (7.28)	0.815	84.4 (7.6)	86.2 (10)	0.223
WBC (109/L)	9.02 (6.56)	12.86 (12.41)	< 0.001	7.6 (4.75)	18.9 (20.4)	< 0.001
Lymphocytes (%)	15.48 (8.59)	9.55 (6.1)	< 0.001	18.79 (9.7)	13.1 (13.3)	< 0.001
Absolute lymphocyte	1.13 (0.84)	0.57 (0.5)	< 0.001	1.3 (0.7)	1.2 (1.6)	< 0.001
Random glucose (mg/dL)	221.52 (115.69)	227.94 (109.3)	0.442	118.8 (43.6)	124.4 (62.3)	0.026
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	107.46 (114.85)	118.1 (121.74)	0.191	118.8 (43.6)	52.5 (68)	< 0.001
HbA1C (%)	9.32 (2.4)	8.87 (2.64)	0.13	5.73 (0.5)	5.9 (0.4)	0.586
CRP (mg/L)	76.23 (77.72)	141.1 (116.77)	< 0.001	44.6 (56)	138 (108)	< 0.001
Troponin (ng/mL)	167.19 (990.22)	238.21 (470)	< 0.001	15.9 (64.5)	37.6 (58.4)	< 0.001
D-Dimer (mcg/mL)	3.09 (4.53)	9.56 (10.79)	< 0.001	1.78 (3.84)	8.9 (9.1)	< 0.001
Procalcitonin (ng/mL)	0.83 (4.32)	1.75 (3.45)	< 0.001	0.51 (3.01)	1.9 (4.72)	< 0.001
Pro-BNP (pg/mL)	1225.01 (3572)	3862.9 (6248.31)	0.007	1324.5 (7323)	2109.1 (2985.8)	< 0.001
Ferritin (mcg/L)	1277.9 (1599.2)	2888 (3749)	< 0.001	856.2 (1179)	5549.9 (10016)	< 0.001
LDH (U/L)	416.41 (365.96)	611.04 (360.04)	< 0.001	321.1 (164.7)	785 (521.5)	< 0.001
LDH-Peak (U/L)	402.02 (394.6)	605.2 (339.82)	< 0.001	346.3 (587.3)	644.1 (491.3)	< 0.001
CPK peak (U/L)	464.9 (970.7)	1163.5 (1369.5)	< 0.001	432.8 (2145.6)	1041.2 (1085)	< 0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.61 (2.01)	3.22 (2.17)	< 0.001	1.02 (1.22)	3.2 (2.55)	< 0.001
D: Chest radiographs, ventilation and disease outcome [n (mean ± SD)]
E: Chest radiograph
Normal X-ray	15 (4.2)	1 (1.6)	0.021	99 (17.4)	0	< 0.001
Mild	156 (43.9)	18 (29)		335 (59)	7 (22.6)
Moderate	152 (42.8)	31 (50)		11 (19.5)	14 (45.2)
Severe	32 (9)	12 (19.4)		23 (4)	10 (32.3)
F: SpO2 on admission
≤ 94	56 (15.4)	28 (44.4)		574 (92.6)	18 (50)	< 0.001
> 94	308 (84.6)	35 (55.6)	< 0.001	46 (7.4)	18 (50)
G: Ventilation and/or intubation
O2 mask	32 (8.8)	26 (41.3)	< 0.001	23 (3.7)	20 (55.6)	< 0.001
Nasal canula	269 (73.9)	42 (66.7)	0.15	340 (54.8)	21 (58.3)	0.408
Intubation	21 (5.8)	21 (33.3)	< 0.001	6 (1.0)	9 (25)	< 0.001
H: Complications & outcomes
Diabetic ketoacidosis	3 (2.3)	4 (14.3)	0.02
Chronic kidney failure	19 (6.4)	18 (31)	< 0.001	11 (2.2)	5 (15.2)	0.002
Length of hospital stay: Mean (SD)	14.47 (17.9)	17.02 (14)	0.005	6.47 (8.53)	32 (20.06)	< 0.001

^at-test, Mann-Whitney and Chai Square.

BMI: body mass index; WBC: White blood cell; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; MCV: Mean corpuscular volume; CPK: Creatine phospho-kinase.