Risk and predictors of severity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 in Dubai

Table 1 Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, symptoms, signs, laboratory measurements, radiographic and severity indices of chest infection, and disease outcome observed in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with and without type 2 diabetes; in Dubai

Characteristics	T2D (n = 427)	Without T2D (n = 656)	P valuea
A: Demographics and comorbidities [n (%)]
Gender	No (%)
Male	378 (42.5)	512 (57.5)
Female	49 (25.4)	144 (74.6)	< 0.001
Nationality
United Arab Emirates	23 (59)	16 (41)
Expatriate	404 (38.7)	640 (61.3)	0.009
Hypertension	165/427 (38.6)	88/656 (13.4)	< 0.001
Ischemic heart disease	21/427 (4.9)	3/656 (0.5)	< 0.001
Cardiomyopathy	2/427 (0.5)	0/656	0.155
Heart failure	13/427 (3)	4/656 (0.6)	0.002
COPD	2/427 (0.5)	1/656 (0.2)	0.344
Asthma	10/427 (2.3)	18/656 (2.7)	0.421
B: Symptoms and signs [n (%)]
Fever	358 (85.9)	528 (82.8)	0.105
Cough	303 (72.7)	388 (60.8)	< 0.001
Sore throat	52 (12.5)	150 (23.5)	< 0.001
Running nose/rhinorrhoea	17 (4.1)	40 (6.3)	0.079
Shortness of breath (dyspnoea)	276 (66.2)	250 (39.2)	< 0.001
Chest pain	22 (5.3)	29 (4.5)	0.344
Chills	13 (3.1)	35 (5.5)	0.047
Headache	24 (5.8)	74 (11.6)	< 0.001
Fatigue	92 (22.1)	116 (18.2)	0.071
Malaise	8 (1.9)	15 (2.4)	0.405
Nausea	11 (2.6)	17 (2.6)	0.572
Loss of appetite/anorexia	19 (4.6)	22 (3.4)	0.226
Loss of taste	1 (0.2)	6 (0.9)	0.164
Anosmia/loss of smell	1 (0.2)	6 (0.9)	0.164
Abdominal pain	12 (2.9)	46 (7.2)	0.001
Vomiting	39 (9.4)	47 (7.4)	0.150
Diarrhoea	26 (6.2)	34 (5.3)	0.312
Myalgia	123 (29.5)	180 (28.2)	0.351
Arthralgia/joint pain	1 (0.2)	2 (0.2)	0.635
Dizziness	10 (2.4)	21 (3.3)	0.259
Confusion	4 (1.0)	2 (0.3)	0.216
Skin rash	1 (0.2)	1 (0.2)	0.635
C: Laboratory measurements [mean (± SD)]
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	12.42 (2.07)	13.45 (1.84)	< 0.001
MCV (fL)	85.66 (37.79)	84.54 (7.74)	0.01
WBC (109/L)	9.62 (7.87)	8.31 (7.25)	< 0.001
Lymphocyte (%)	14.57 (8.52)	18.46 (10.08)	< 0.001
Absolute lymphocyte count	1.05 (0.82)	1.26 (0.78)	< 0.001
Random blood glucose (mg/dL)	222.53 (114.59)	119.16 (42.75)	< 0.001
Fasting blood glucose POCT (mg/dL)	192.06 (88.88)	126.77 (48.38)	< 0.001
HbA1C (%)	9.26 (2.44)	5.74 (0.47)	< 0.001
CRP (mg/L)	86.38 (88.05)	50.23 (64.68)	< 0.001
Troponin (ng/mL)	180.10 (917.58)	18.29 (64.11)	< 0.001
D-Dimer (mcg/mL)	4.14 (6.43)	2.46 (5.04)	< 0.001
Pro-calcitonin (ng/mL)	0.97 (4.2)	0.61 (3.18)	< 0.001
Pro-BNP (pg/mL)	1948.56 (4602.46)	1533.62 (6449.57)	0.008
Ferritin (mcg/L)	1526.7 (2153.81)	1231.68 (3268.65)	< 0.001
LDH (U/L)	444.93 (371.05)	355.55 (243.98)	< 0.001
LDH-Peak (U/L)	429.27 (393.39)	366.62 (585.83)	< 0.001
CPK peak (U/L)	597.8 (1090.39)	505.5 (2055.57)	0.022
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.87 (2.12)	1.16 (1.44)	< 0.001
D: Chest radiographs, ventilation and disease outcome [No (%)]
Normal chest radiograph	16 (3.8)	99 (16.5)	< 0.001
Mild consolidation [1-2 zones]	174 (41.7)	342 (57.1)
Moderate consolidation [2-3 zones]	183 (43.9)	125 (20.9)
Severe consolidation [3-4 zones]	44 (10.6)	33 (5.5)
E: SpO2 on admission
≤ 94	84 (19.7)	64 (9.8)	< 0.001
> 94	343 (80.3)	592 (90.2)
F: Ventilation and/or intubation
O2 mask	58 (13.6)	43 (6.6)	< 0.001
Nasal canula	311 (72.8)	361 (55)	< 0.001
Intubation	42 (9.8)	15 (2.3)	< 0.001
G: Complications & Outcomes
Diabetic keto acidosis	7 (4.5)	0	0.01
Chronic kidney failure	37 (10.5)	16 (3)	< 0.001
Length of hospital stay, mean (days)	14.90 (17.31)	7.49 (10.22)	< 0.001
Death: No (%)	63/427 (14.8)	32/656 (4.9)	< 0.001

^at-test, Mann-Whitney and Chai Square.

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; WBC: White blood cell; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; MCV: Mean corpuscular volume; POCT: Point of care testing; CPK: Creatine phospho-kinase.