Tight junction disruption and the pathogenesis of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus: A narrative review

Figure 3 Mechanisms of blood-brain-barrier dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. AGE: Advanced glycation end-product; BBB: Blood-brain-barrier; GSK-3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3; HG: Hyperglycemia; HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factor; IL-6: Interleukin 6; NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; PKC-B: Protein kinase C; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; ZO-1: Zonula occludens.