Insights on antioxidant therapeutic strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review of randomized control trials

Figure 1 Systematic representation of metabolic pathways affected by hyperglycaemic and oxidative stress. Hyperglycaemia causes cell damage in three ways: (1) By directly increasing oxidative stress which affects glycolytic enzymes; (2) by forming advanced glycation end products which activate NF-κβ and increase DNA damage; and (3) by affecting diacylglycerol enzyme and ultimately reducing nitric oxide levels.