Preoperative carbohydrate load to reduce perioperative glycemic variability and improve surgical outcomes: A scoping review

Table 1 Glycemic variability: Clinical relevance

Ref.	Patient population	Variability index	Reported results
Egi et al[13], 2006	7049 ICU patients, DM included		ICU survivors vs ICU non-survivors
		SD	SD: 1.7 vs 2.3 mmol/L, P < 0.001
		CV	CV: 20 vs 26%, P < 0.001
Ali et al[14], 2008	1246 patients with sepsis, DM included		Mortality crude odds ratio, 95%CI
		GLI	GLI: 1.25, 1.20-1.32, P < 0.001
		MAGE	MAGE: 1.12, 1.07-1.18, P < 0.001
		SD	SD: 1.16, 1.11-1.21, P < 0.001
Donati et al[15], 2014	1641 ICU patients, DM included		ICU survivors vs ICU non-survivors
		SD	SD: 1.4 vs 1.7 mmol/L, P < 0.001
		CV	CV: 21 vs 23%, P < 0.001
		GLI	GLI: 50.1 vs 75.6 (mmol/L)2/h/wk, P < 0.001
		MAGE	MAGE: 2.4 vs 2.7 mmol/L, P < 0.001
			No infection vs ICU-acquired infection
		SD	SD: 1.4 vs 1.6 mmol/L, P < 0.001
		CV	CV: 20 vs 23%, P < 0.001
		GLI	GLI: 44.6 vs 73.5 (mmol/L) 2/h/wk, P < 0.001
		MAGE	MAGE: 2.3 vs 2.7 mmol/L, P < 0.001
Akirov et al[16], 2019	8894 surgical patients, DM included		Hospital LOS: Low GV vs High GV
		SD	DM SD: 7 vs 9 d, P < 0.001
		SD	No DM SD: 7 vs 9 d, P < 0.001
		CV	DM CV: 7 vs 9 d, P < 0.001
		CV	No DM: CV 7 vs 9 d, P < 0.001
			30 d mortality: Low GV vs High GV
		SD	DM SD: 5% vs 8%, P < 0.05
		SD	No DM SD: 3% vs 9%, P < 0.05
		CV	DM CV: 5% vs 9%, P < 0.05
		CV	No DM CV: 3% vs 9%, P < 0.05

ICU: Intensive care unit; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CV: Coefficient of variance; GLI: Glycemic lability index; MAGE: Mean amplitude of glycemic excursion; LOS: Length of stay; GV: Glycemic variability.