Targeting epicardial adipose tissue: A potential therapeutic strategy for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Epicardial adipose tissue expansion in patients with glucose metabolism disorders

Ref.	Participants, n	Amount of EAT in the observation group	Amount of EAT in the control group	P value
EAT thickness (mm) measured by echocardiography thickness on the right ventricular free wall
Baloglu et al[21], 2019	T2DM patients: 128; healthy controls: 32	3.53 ± 0.79	4.64 ± 1.39	< 0.001
Akbas et al[22], 2014	T2DM patients: 156; healthy controls: 50	4.66 ± 1.50	3.91 ± 1.60	0.005
Chen et al[23], 2017	T2DM patients: 167; healthy controls: 82	4.00 (3.00-5.00)	2.00 (1.00-3.00)	< 0.001
Philouze et al[24], 2017	T2DM patients: 44; healthy controls: 35	6.40 ± 1.70	3.30 ± 1.10	< 0.001
Cetin et al[25], 2013	T2DM patients: 139; age- and sex-matched controls: 40	6.00 ± 1.50	4.42 ± 1.00	< 0.001
Yafei et al[26], 2019	T2DM patients: 76; age- and sex-matched controls: 30	6.23 ± 1.27	4.60 ± 1.03	< 0.001
Christensen et al[27], 2019	T2DM patients: 770; age- and sex-matched controls: 234	4.60 ± 1.80	3.40 ± 1.20	< 0.0001
Wang et al[28], 2017	T2DM with duration ≤ 10 yr: 35; T2DM with duration > 10 yr: 33	4.47 ± 1.90	5.45 ± 1.40	< 0.05
Altin et al[29], 2016	Patients with IR: 113; age- and sex-matched controls: 112	7.34 ± 1.96	5.22 ± 1.75	< 0.001
Iacobellis et al[30], 2008	Patients with IFG: 65; non-diabetic controls: 50	Males: 8.00 ± 3.00	6.00 ± 2.00	< 0.001
		Females: 7.10 ± 4.00	5.80 ± 3.00
EAT volume (cm3) measured by computed tomography
Wang et al[31], 2008	T2DM patients: 49; non-diabetic controls: 78	166.1 ± 60.6	123.4 ± 41.8	< 0.0001
Akyürek et al[32], 2014	T2DM patients: 93; non-diabetic controls: 85	40.1 ± 23.9	16.9 ± 7.7	< 0.001
Gullaksen et al[33], 2019	T2DM patients: 44; non-diabetic controls: 59	119.0 ± 49.0	86.0 ± 40.0	< 0.001
Groves et al[34], 2014	T2DM patients: 92; non-diabetic controls: 59	118.6 ± 43.0	70.0 ± 44.0	< 0.0001
Versteylen et al[35], 2012	Patients with IFG: 118; non-diabetic controls: 209	92.0 ± 39.0	75.0 ± 34.0	< 0.001
EAT volume (cm3) or area (cm2) measured by cardiac magnetic resonance
Huang et al[36], 2022	T2DM with duration ≤ 5 yr: 56; T2DM with duration > 5 yr: 57	48.4 ± 13.4 cm3	58.4 ± 17.3 cm3	< 0.001
Evin et al[37], 2016	T2DM patients: 20; healthy controls: 19	135.0 ± 31.0 cm3	90.0 ± 30.0 cm3	< 0.001
Al-Talabany et al[38], 2018	T2DM patients: 54; non-diabetic controls: 29	13.5 ± 3.5 cm2	11.8 ± 4.1 cm2	< 0.05
Rado et al[39], 2019	Prediabetes patients: 100; healthy controls: 200	9.2 cm2	7.7 cm2	< 0.001

EAT: Epicardial adipose tissue; IFG: Impaired fasting glucose; IR: Insulin resistance; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.