Genetics of diabetes

Table 4 List of phytochemicals used in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications

Phytochemical	Source	Outcomes	Ref.
Curcumin	Curcuma longa	↑Insulin sensitivity, ↓blood glucose levels, and hypoglycemia	[180]
Rutin	Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)	↓Hepatic glucose production, ↑glucose tolerance	[181]
Resveratrol	Grapes, plums, peanuts, nuts, red wine	Improved insulin signaling, ↑glucose-mediated insulin secretion	[182]
Quercetin	Apples, black tea, berries, capers, red wine, onions	↑Glucose uptake, ↓hepatic glucose production	[182,183]
Genistein	Legumes	Improved lipid glucose metabolism and ↓fasting glucose	[184]
Hesperidin	Orange, lemon	↑Glucose uptake, ↓HbA1c, ↓oxidative stress	[185]
Naringin	Skin of grapefruit and orange	↓Hepatic glucose production, ↓oxidative stress, ↑glucose uptake	[185]
Naringenin	Citrus fruits, tomatoes, cherries, grapefruit, cocoa	↑Glucose uptake, ↓glucose intolerance and reduced blood glucose levels	[186]
Vitamin A, D, and E	Eggs, yellow, red, and green (leafy) vegetables, such as spinach, carrots, sweet potatoes and red peppers. yellow fruit, such as mango, papaya and apricots	↓Glucose intolerance, ↓hyperglycemia	[182]
Fisetin	Strawberry, apple, persimmon, grape, onion, and cucumber	↓Hepatic glucose and ↑glucose metabolism	[187]
Flavonoids	Coffee, guava tea, whortleberry, olive oil, propolis, chocolate, and cocoa	↓Glucose absorption, inhibition of advanced glycation end products	[188]
Isoflavones	Soybean	Improves glucose metabolism	[189]
Catechins	Tea leaves and red wine	Promote insulin sensitivity	[190]
Hydroxycinnamic acids	Fruits and vegetables, especially the outer part of ripe fruits	Promote glucokinase activity	[191]
Caffeoylquinic	Potatoes, eggplants, peaches, prunes, and coffee beans	Promote insulin response	[192]
Anthocyanins and anthocyanidins	Berries, eggplants, avocado, oranges, olives, red onion, fig, sweet potato, mango, and purple corn	Promote blood glucose regulation	[193]
Stillbenoids	Grapevine, berries, and peanuts	Promote pancreatic -cell and hepatoprotective activity	[194]

HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.