Intermediate hyperglycemia in early pregnancy: A South Asian perspective

Table 3 Early Gestational diabetes among South Asian women: Oral glucose tolerance test based studies

Ref.	Region study location	No. of women	Diagnostic criteria and study design	GDM women-n (prevalence %), GW, no of GDM women (% of total GDM women)
Sharma et al[36], 2013	Jammu, India hospital	500	WHO 1999; preceded by 75 g non fasting OCT if 2-h PG ≥ 7.8 mmol/L, 75 g OGTT; at first prenatal visit	GDM: n = 55 (10%); 16-20 wk, 10 (18.1%); 21-24 wk, 20 (36.3%); 25-28 wk, 10 (18.1%); 29-32 wk, 15 (27.2%)
Seshiah et al[31], 2008	Chennai, Indian community	12056	WHO 1999; test at first prenatal visit; repeat at 24 GW and 32 GW	GDM: n = 1679 (13.9%); < 16 wk, 208 (12.4%); 17-23 wk, 280 (23.0%); ≥ 24 wk, 891.0%-64.6%
Dahiya et al[34], 2014	Rohtak, India hospital	500	DIPSI; test < 16 GW, if negative repeat at 24-28 GW	GDM: n = 35 (7%); < 16 wk, 4 (11.4%); second trimester-34 (88.6%)
Veeraswamy et al[37], 2016	Pan India study; peripheral clinic	9282	DIPSI; OGTT at first prenatal visit	GDM: n = 740 (8%); 1st trimester, 233 (31.5%); 2nd trimester, 320 (43.2%); 3rd trimester, 187(25.3%)
Neelakandan et al[30], 2014	Tirucharapalli, India hospital	1106	IADPSG; if preceding by 50 g OCT 1-h PG ≥ 7.2 mmol/L; first prenatal visit	GDM: n = 258 (23.3%); ≤ 12 wk, 36 (13.9%); 13-18 wk, 43 (16.7%); 19-28 wk, 114 (44.1%); ≥ 28 wk, 65 (25.2%)
Bhatt et al[38], 2015	Pune, India community	989	DIPSI with Capillary Glucose; OGTT any trimesters	GDM: n = 88 (8.9%); < 24 wk, 42 (47.9%); ≥ 24 wk, 46 (52.1%)
Anjalakshi et al[33], 2009	Chennai, India hospital	800	WHO 1999-M; OGTT between 16-32 GW	GDM: n = 87 (10.89%); 16-20 wk, 7 (8%); 21-24 wk, 17 (19.5%); 25-28 wk, 49 (56.3%); 29-32 wk, 14 (16.1%)
Seshiah et al[32], 2007	Chennai, India community	4151	WHO 1999-M; any trimester	GDM: n = 741 (17.9%); < 16 wk, 121 (16.3%); 17-23 wk, 166 (22.4%); ≥ 24 wk, 454 (61.27%)
Grewal et al[32], 2007	Delhi, India hospital	298	Carpenter and Coustan criteria; OGTT before 12 GW; women with DIP, IFG, and IGT excluded	GDM: n = 40 (13.42%); < 12 wk, 24 (60%); 24-28 wk, 16 (40%)
Bahl et al[40], 2022	Delhli, India community	2244	DIPSI; OGTT at first prenatal visit, repeat 24-28 wk, 34-36 wk	GDM: n = 430 (19.16%); 1st trimester, 112 (26.1%); 2nd and 3rd trimester, 318 (74%)
Punnose et al[39], 2023	Delhi, India hospital based	2638	IADPSG; first trimester HbA1c, if < 48 mmol/L, OGTT at any trimester; if OGTT negative before 24 GW repeat after 24 GW, DIP excluded	GDM: n = 722 (27.37%); < 14 wk, 125 (17.3%); 14-23 wk, 130 (18%); ≥ 24 wk, 467 (64.68%)
Sudasinghe et al[43], 2016	SriLanka community	1533	WHO-1999; initial screening in first trimester by 2-h post prandial PG ≥ 6.7-11.1 mmol/L OGTT at 16 GW, if negative repeat after 24 GW, DIP excluded	GDM: n = 169 (11.02%); < 16 wk, 19 (12.67%)
Jayawardane et al[41], 2018	Sri Lanka hospital	Not given	WHO 1999 (2011-14) and DIPSI (2014-15), OGTT in any trimesters, DIP excluded	GDM: n = 435 (total number not available); 12-23 wk, 104 (23.9%); ≥ 24 wk, 331 (76.09%)
Mazumder et al[42], 2022	Bangladesh community	265	IADPSG; OGTT in any trimester	GDM: n = 92 (34.71%); 1st trimester, 33 (35.87%); 2nd trimester, 36 (39.13%); 3rd trimester, 23 (25%)

Values in bold indicate percentage of women diagnosed before 24 gestational weeks. GW: Gestational weeks; WHO: World Health Association; OCT: Oral glucose challenge; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; DIPSI: Diabetes In Pregnancy Study group of India; IADPSG: International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group; DIP: Diabetes in pregnancy; IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance; IFG: Impaired glucose tolerance; 1-h PG: Post Glucose load 1 h plasma glucose.