Exercise therapy for sarcopenia and diabetes

Table 2 Resistance exercise and sarcopenia

Ref.	Study population and intervention	Study outcome
Zhao et al[58], 2022	24 elderly patients with T2D and sarcopenia; short-term acute resistance exercise (40 min/d, 3 d at 50% of 1RM)	Decreased blood glucose levels, blood glucose fluctuations and the risk of hypoglycemia
Seo et al[62], 2021	12 elderly females with sarcopenia; 16 wk of resistance training (60 min/d, 3 d/wk at 4-8 on the OMNI scale)	Improved functional fitness and muscle quality
Dong et al[63], 2019	21 elderly patients on maintenance hemodialysis with sarcopenia; 12 wk of resistance exercise (3 d/wk at their own body weight and elastic balls)	Improved physical activity status (maximum grip strength, daily pace, and physical activity level), and Inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α)
Liao et al[64], 2018	56 elderly females with sarcopenia obesity; 12 wk of elastic band resistance training (3 training sessions every week for 12 wk, each training session was performed for 55 min)	Significant beneficial effect on muscle mass, muscle quality, and physical function
Hamaguchi et al[65], 2017	7 elderly females with sarcopenia; 6 wk of progressive power training (2 sessions per week for 6 wk; when the subject was capable of completing all 8 sets, the weight was increased by 380-760 g in the next session)	BMD and knee extensor strength were significantly greater in the training group than in the control group
Vasconcelos et al[66], 2016	14 elderly females with sarcopenia; 10 wk of resistance exercise (60 min/d, 2 d/wk; 1-2 wk at 50% of 1RM, 3-4 wk at 75% of 1RM, 5-6 wk at 40% of new 1RM, and 7-10 wk at 60% of new 1RM)	Knee extensor power was significantly higher in the training group than in the control group
Stoever et al[67], 2018	28 elderly people with sarcopenia obesity; 16 wk of progressive resistance training (2 d/wk, increasing to 80%-85% of maximum strength with 3 sets of 8 to 12 repetitions)	Increase performance in hand-grip strength, gait speed, SPPB score, and modified PPT score

T2D: Type 2 diabetes; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery; PPT: Physical performance test.