Exercise therapy for sarcopenia and diabetes

Table 1 Resistance exercise and diabetes

Ref.	Study population and intervention	Study outcome
Kim et al[39], 2022	36 elderly people with pre-diabetics; 12 wk of resistance physical activity (60 min/d, 3 d/wk at 55%-65% of 1RM of machine weight)	Decreased glycated HbA1c levels
Nuttamonwarakul et al[40], 2012	20 elderly people with T2D; 12 wk of aquatic exercise (50 min/d, 3 d/wk at a perceived exertion (RPE) rating of 10-16)	Improved glycemic control and decreased HbA1c
Tan et al[41], 2012	25 elderly people with T2D; 6 mo of combined exercise (30 min of moderate aerobic exercise and 10 min of resistance exercise at 50%-70% of 1RM)	Decreased HbA1c levels
Castaneda et al[42], 2002	62 elderly patients with T2D; 14 wk of resistance exercise (45 min/d, 3 d/wk at 60%-80% of 1RM for 1-8 wk and 70%-80% of 1RM for 10-14 wk)	Reduced plasma glycosylated hemoglobin levels and increased muscle glycogen stores
He et al[43], 2022	82 elderly people with pre-diabetes; 2 years of resistance exercise (50 min/d, 3 d/wk of 13 types of resistance training protocols)	HbA1C levels and β cell function were resistance exercise response
Dunstan et al[44], 2002	36 elderly people with T2D; 6 mo of resistance exercise (55 min/d, 3 d/wk at 75%-85% of 1RM)	Improving glycemic control and decreases HbA1c levels
Jorge et al[46], 2011	48 middle-aged adults with T2D; 4 groups: Aerobic (n = 12), resistance (n = 12), combined (n = 12), and control (n = 12); 12 wk of training (60 min/d, 3 d/wk)	IRS-1 expression increased by 65% in the resistance group and by 90% in the combined group in T2DM
Ng et al[47], 2010	25 elderly people with T2D; 8 wk of resistance (50 min/d, 2-3 d/wk at 65%-70% of 1RM)	Decreased HbA1c levels
Takenami et al[48], 2019	10 elderly patients with T2D; 16 wk of low-intensity resistance training (2 d/wk at using body weight)	Decreased glycated hemoglobin

HbA1c: Hemoglobin; IRS: Insulin receptor substrate; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.