Therapeutic role of growth factors in treating diabetic wound

Table 3 Summary of evaluation of the effectiveness of some biomaterial delivery systems

Biomaterial	Forms	GFs	Effects	Ref.
Chitosan	Film	rhEGF	Sustained release in vitro for 24 h and extended therapeutic effect	[350]
Chitosan	Film	bFGF	The activity of bFGF remained stable for 21 d at 5 °C, and 86.2% of the activity was maintained at 25 °C	[318]
Chitosan	Hydrogel	EGF	97.3% release after 24 h in an in vitro study and sustained therapeutic effect	[351]
Chitosan	Hydrogel	bFGF	Significant angiogenesis and collateral circulation construction after addition of heparin in chitosan-bFGF system	[346]
CMC-Chitosan	Hydrogel (as the carrier of NaCMCh-rhEGF nanoparticle)	rhEGF	In vitro results indicated that the conjugated form exhibited greater stability to proteolysis and also retained EGF therapeutic activity	[342]
CNC-HA-chitosan	Nanoparticle + scaffold	GM-CSF	Proper mechanical properties, high swelling capacity (swelling ratio: 2622.1% ± 35.2%) and controlled release of GM-CSF up to 48 h	[352]
PVA-gelatin-chitosan	Hydrogel	bFGF	In vitro release-cumulative over 25 d, non-toxic to fibroblasts	[353]
Chitosan-nanodiamond	Hydrogel	VEGF	3-d sustained release, improved hydrogel mechanical properties and better biocompatibility	[354]
N-carboxymethyl chitosan-alginate	Hydrogel	EGF	12 h sustained release, non-toxic	[355]
CMCS-poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-alginate microspheres	Hydrogel	bFGF	48 h sustained release, high activity for two weeks	[356]
Hyaluronic acid-sulfated glycosaminoglycan-heparin	Hydrogel	bFGF	Remain highly active for 14 d	[357]
Heparin + PEGDA	Hydrogel	bFGF	Remain active over 35 d	[358]
Collagen-transglutaminase	Hydrogel	bFGF	Suitable mechanical properties and biocompatibility, sustained release up to 48 h	[359]
CBD	Collagen membrane	PDGF	Maintain a higher concentration and stronger biological activity of PDGF	[360]
Collagen	Scaffold	VEGF-A	Cross-linking slows the degradation rate of collagen scaffolds and improves the persistent activity of VEGF	[361]
Extracellular matrix protein (INSUREGRAF®)	Scaffold	EGF	8 h sustained release and active	[362]
GTA-collagen sponge	Sponge	rhEGF	Sustained release and activity for about 10 d, no cytotoxicity	[363]
TFA-denatured collagen	Sponge	bFGF	Sustained release for 18 d and remains largely active	[364]
PCL nanofibers (surface coating with collagen type I)	Hydrogel	G-CSF	Accumulative in vitro release for 15 d, no cytotoxicity	[365]
Gelatin	Microspheres	VEGF	Sustained release over 14 d	[347]
Gelatin	Sheet	bFGF	Sustained release for about 14 d	[348]
Gelatin	Sponge	EGF	Increased tensile strength	[366]
Gelatin	TEECM + Gelatin hydrogel microspheres	EGF	Cumulative in vitro release over 14 d	[367]
EUP polysaccharide, gelatin	Electrospun hydrogel sponge	PDGF-BB	In vitro release lasts 48 h	[368]
Fibrin	Hydrogel	VEGF	In vitro release lasts 7 d	[369]
Fibrin	Hydrogel	VEGF	Sustained release of VEGF for 15 d	[370]

CBD: Collagen-binding domain; CNC: Cellulose nanocrystal; CMC: Carboxymethyl cellulose; GTA: Glutaraldehyde; TFA: Trifluoroacetic acid; TEECM: Tissue-engineered extracellular matrix; CMCS: Carboxymethyl chitosan; PEGDA: Poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate; PCL: Chitosan nanoparticles-Poly (ε-caprolactone); NaCMCh-rhEGF: Sodium carboxymethyl chitosan-recombinant human epidermal growth factor conjugate; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; rhEGF: Recombinant human epidermal growth factor.