Tongxinluo promotes endothelium-dependent arteriogenesis to attenuate diabetic peripheral arterial disease

Figure 5 Tongxinluo enhanced the barrier function of endothelial cells to inhibit the inflammatory response and promote macrophage polarization. A-E: The barrier-related proteins VE-cadherin and β-catenin and the cytokines CD45 and TNF-α were measured and quantified by Western blot analysis; F-G: Measurement of the cytokine levels of IL-6 and C-reactive protein by ELISA; J and K: Immunofluorescence staining of total macrophages (F4/80, green) with M1-type macrophage markers [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), red] and M2-type macrophage markers (Arg-1, red) (100×, bar=250 μm); H and I: Quantification of the Pearson colocalization coefficients of F4/80 with iNOS and Arg-1. The values are shown as the means ± SDs. ^aP < 0.05 compared with the normal group, ^bP <0.05 compared with the model group, ^cP < 0.05 compared with the TXL-L group, n = 3. TXL: Tongxinluo; CRP: C-reactive protein; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase.