Clinical and biochemical predictors of intensive care unit admission among patients with diabetic ketoacidosis

Table 1 Comparison of demographics and baseline characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis patients admitted to intensive care unit to those not admitted to intensive care unit, n (%)

Baseline characteristics	Admitted to ICU (n = 229)	Not admitted to ICU (n = 693)	P value
Age, mean ± SD, yr	40.4 ± 13.7	34.5 ± 14.6	< 0.001
Gender
Male	158 (69)	417 (60.2)
Female	71 (31)	276 (39.8)	0.020
Ethnicities
Arab	94 (41.1)	408 (58.9)	< 0.001
Asian	104 (45.4)	196 (28.2)
Africans	23 (10.1)	67 (9.7)
Others	8 (3.5)	22 (3.2)
BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2	24.6 (21.5-28.4)	23.7 (20.3-27.9)	0.030
DM diagnosis
T1DM	88 (38.43)	392 (56.6)	< 0.001
T2DM	141 (61.6)	301 (43.4)
HbA1c at admission (mean ± SD), < 6.5 %	12.1 ± 2.7	12.0 ± 2.8	0.600
Triggering factors
Non-compliance	45 (19.7)	217 (31.3)	0.001
Infection	77 (33.8)	164 (23.7)
New onset DM	61 (26.7)	162 (23.4)
Co-morbidities
Dyslipidaemia	36 (15.7)	92 (13.3)	0.300
Stroke	9 (3.9)	17 (2.45)	0.200
Coronary artery disease	17 (7.4)	39 (5.63)	0.300
Heart failure	6 (2.6)	6 (0.9)	0.040
Hypertension	56 (24.4)	143 (20.6)	0.200
DM retinopathy	17 (7.4)	61 (8.8)	0.500
DM nephropathy	10 (4.4)	50 (7.2)	0.100
COVID-19 infection at admission	9 (3.9)	2 (0.3)	< 0.001

ICU: Intensive care unit; BMI: Body mass index; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; DM: Diabetes mellitus; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.