Multiple influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on children with diabetes: Changes in epidemiology, metabolic control and medical care

Table 1 Conflicting results of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes incidence in the studies examined led in different countries

Ref.	Region	Increased incidence	Period of observation	Diabetes type	Patient source	Results
Mameli et al[22], 2022	Lombardy (Italy)	Yes and no	March-December 2020	1	Local network	Incidence 16.0/100000 higher in the 3 previous years but not vs 2019
Schiaffini et al[23], 2022	Lazio (Italy)	Yes	2020-2021	1	Local cohort	Peak of incidence in the last 4 months of 2021, above all in children < 12 yr
Tittel et al[25], 2020	Germany	No	13 March-13 May 2020	1	DPV registry	Incidence 23.4/100000 not different from prediction
Barrett et al[26], 2022	United States	Yes	March 2020-February 2021 (IQVA) and June 2021 (HealthVerity)	1 and 2	MMWR (CDC)	Hazard Ratio 2.66 (IQVA) and 1.31 (Health Verity)
McKeigue et al[28], 2022	Scotland	Yes and no	March 2020-November 2021	1	Scottish registry	Incidence 2020-2021 was 20% higher than the 7-yr average, but no association with COVID infection
Reschke et al[29], 2022	Worldwide (47 countries)	No	2018-2021	1	Sweet registry	Change in seasonality only in the Northern hemisphere (no winter peak)
Guo et al[33], 2022	Florida (United States)	Yes	January 2017-June 2021	1 and 2	Local network	Increased incidence for both T1D and T2D from May 2021
DeLacey et al[34], 2022	Illinois (United States)	Yes	May 1st 2020-April 30th 2021	2	Local cohort	Increase of 293% (490% in Hispanic and Black patients) vs pre-pandemic
Ansar et al[35], 2022	Wisconsin (United States)	Yes	March 2020-December 2021	1 and 2	Local cohort	T1D incidence increased by 69%, T2D incidence by 225%

T1D: Type 1 diabetes; T2D: Type 1 diabetes.