Fixed-ratio combinations of basal insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as a promising strategy for treating diabetes

Table 3 Real-world evidence regarding the efficacy of fixed-ratio combinations of basal insulin and a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control

Ref.	Target patients	Design	Duration	Representative outcomes
Morieri et al[44], 2019	Treated w/o GLP-1RA	Retrospective, observational	5.7 mo	FRCs were associated with a larger reduction in HbA1c, whereas GLP-1RA reduced body mass
Egede et al[45], 2020	(1) OADs ± basal insulin or GLP-1RA alone; and (2) MDIs or GLP-1RA with insulin	Retrospective, observational	6 mo	(1) IDegLira use was associated with a reduction in HbA1c; and (2) Switching to IDegLira did not reduce HbA1c
Persano et al[50], 2021	MDIs	Prospective, observational	6 mo	Switching from MDIs to IDegLira improved HbA1c, body mass, and the QOL score
Kawaguchi et al[51], 2022	OADs ± basal insulin	RCT	2 wk	IDegLira resulted in a significantly longer time in the target glucose range than IDegAsp
Oe et al[52], 2022	IDeg + DPP-4i	Prospective, observational	2 wk	Switching from IDeg + DPP-4i to IDegLira significantly improved glucose fluctuations and the QOL score
Guja et al[46], 2022	GLP-1RA + OADs	RCT/prospective, observational	6 mo/26 wk	IGlarLixi significantly improved HbA1c, regardless of the use of an SGLT2i
Bala et al[47], 2022	OADs ± basal insulin	Prospective, observational	24 wk	Introduction of IGlarLixi significantly reduced HbA1c
Ramírez-Rincón et al[48], 2022	OADs and/or insulin	Retrospective, observational	3–7 mo	Introduction of IDegLira significantly reduced HbA1c and insulin requirements
Bilic-Curcic et al[49], 2022	Insulin therapy	Retrospective, observational	> 6 mo	Switching to FRCs (IDegLira and IGlarLixi) significantly reduced HbA1c and body mass

GLP-1RA: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; OADs: Oral anti-diabetic agents; MDIs: Multiple daily insulin injections; IDeg: Insulin degludec; DPP-4i: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; RCT: Randomized, controlled trial; FRC: Fixed-ratio combination; IDegLira: Insulin glargine/liraglutide; IGlarLixi: Insulin glargine/lixisenatide; QOL: Quality of life; IDegAsp: Insulin degludec/aspart; SGLT2i: Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; Lira: Liraglutide; IGlar: Insulin glargine.