Modulatory effect of caffeic acid in alleviating diabetes and associated complications

Figure 3 Mechanism of diabetic wound healing mediated by caffeic acid. Hyperglycemia leads to formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), hypoxia, and inflammation at the site of injury. Caffeic acid stimulates the inflammatory cascade which inhibits the formation of AGEs and elevates the levels of vascular endothelial growth factorand insulin-like growth factors. This results in vascular angiogenesis and re-epithelialization at the site of injury. VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; IGFs: Insulin-like growth factors; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL: Interleukin.