Modulatory effect of caffeic acid in alleviating diabetes and associated complications

Figure 1 Multiple factors responsible for the onset and progression of diabetes mellitus and associated complications including diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disorders. Hyperglycemia leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products and activation of protein kinase C. This further results in oxidative stress-mediated dyslipidemia, hypertension, activation of polyol pathway, and inflammatory stress. AGE: Advanced glycation end products; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL: Interleukin; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; IGF: Insulin-like growth factors; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB.