Analysis of the management and therapeutic performance of diabetes mellitus employing special target

Table 2 A list of recently developed novel anti-diabetic targets and their method of activities

Nature	Special targets	Diabetics	Method of activity	Ref.
Gene	Gene therapy	Auto-reactive T cells need to be stopped from killing islet cells	Act by fixing or modifying the problematic genes	[81]
Glycoprotein in serum	SERPIN A12 or vaspin	KLK7 reduction enhances insulin signaling and lengthens the half-life of insulin, contributing to lower blood sugar levels	Vaspin blocks KLK7	[89]
Adipokine	Metrnl	Enhanced insulin responsiveness	Cause of PPAR pathway upregulation	[92]
Hormone	ACRP-30	Acrp30 increases insulin sensitivity and lowers blood sugar	Low amounts bring on insulin sensitivity	[106]
Glucocorticoids	11β-HSD1	11β-HSD inhibition glucose reduction, insulin sensitivity improvement	Increasing amounts lead to glucose sensitivity	[85]
Glycoprotein	Fetuin-A	When fetuin-A levels are low, insulin sensitivity will go up	Associated with beta-cell inflammation	[86]
Glycoprotein	GPER	Boost insulin production	Through binding with Gi/o and Gs proteins, glucose homeostasis is regulated	[94]
Glycoprotein	PEDF	Insulin sensitivity is improved by reducing PEDF levels	Insulin resistance is caused by an upregulated chain of kinase-mediated Serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS	[99]
Protein	Visfatin	Activity that mimics insulin	Receptor for insulin that it binds to	[103]
Protein	CCN3/NOV	Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity	Strong correlation with hs-CRP	[97]
Glycoprotein	PTP1B		Inhibits insulin signaling by dephosphorylating insulin receptor kinase	[83]

KLK7: Kallikrein 7; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; 11β-HSD1: 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1; GPER: G protein-coupled estrogen receptor; PEDF: Pigment epithelium-derived factor; CCN3/NOV: Cellular communication network 3/nephroblastoma overexpressed; PTP1B: Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein.