Mechanisms of action of natural products on type 2 diabetes

Figure 1 Mechanism of natural products in promoting the regeneration and inhibiting the apoptosis of islet β cells. The letters inside the black squares refer to natural products. Inhibitory effects are shown by black pathways. A: Alpha-mangostin; C: Caffeic acid; D: Dioscorea batatas extract; G: Gallic acid; Ge: Genistein; Gen: Geniposide; H: Hesperidin; K: Kaempferol; M: Mulberry anthocyanin extract; P: Paeoniflorin; Pu: Puerarin; Q: Quercetin; R: Resveratrol; FFA: Free fatty acids; FOXO: Forkhead box class O; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; NO: Nitric oxide; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; ROS/RNS: Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species.