Accessibility and utilization of healthcare services among diabetic patients: Is diabetes a poor man’s ailment?

Table 3 Utilization of healthcare services among diabetic patients

Publication year	Objective(s)	Design	Data collection	Results	Ref.
2020	The purpose of this study was to investigate the service needs and healthcare utilization among people with T2DM	Cross-sectional study	Self-report questionnaire	The study revealed that diabetic patients utilized outpatient visits, special visits, general practitioner visits, emergency room, and hospitalization	[14]
2021	The study investigated the impact of diabetes comorbidities on the health care use and cost of a cohort of elderly patients with diabetes and high care needs based on real-world data	Descriptive survey	National Health Datasets	The results showed that high-need elderly patients accessed emergency care and several outpatient visits	[32]
2005	This study described differences in healthcare utilization and indicators of patients with diabetes based on gender	Survey	Computerized medical record	The study revealed that females with diabetes use more healthcare services and have a higher morbidity rate than their male counterparts	[33]
2022	This study compared the utilization of primary healthcare services by elderly patients with and without T2DM	Survey study	Electronic patient records, health-related quality of life, self-rated health	Patients with diabetes utilized primary healthcare more than those without diabetes	[34]
2022	This study evaluated whether social determinants were associated with an increased risk of proliferative diabetic retinopathy	Survey study	National Institutes of Health All of Us Research Program data repository	This study revealed that patients affirmed that financial concerns and lack of access to transportation were the major reasons for delaying or avoiding access to health care	[35]
2022	The study examined the costs sustained by patients with IDDM who received hospital inpatient/observation/emergency department care (Higher care) for diabetes-related events with those who did not receive such care to identify a target group for treatment in a subsequent study	Institutional review	Documented institutional data	It was found in the study that 8.4% of IDDM patients received higher care yet incurred 20% in medical costs and nearly 40% in diabetic-related spending	[36]
2017	A study was conducted in Bangladesh to determine diabetes-related knowledge and factors affecting healthcare services utilization among patients with T2DM	Analytical study	Interviewer and semi-structured questionnaires	Among patients with T2DM, the study found that patients had average knowledge of diabetes management, which might affect the use of healthcare services	[37]

IDDM: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.