Future applications of exosomes delivering resolvins and cytokines in facilitating diabetic foot ulcer healing

Figure 1 Inflammation-mediated pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcer, the role of resolvins, and phases of wound healing. Resolvins [specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs)] facilitate the resolution of inflammation and progression of the wound to the resolution phase followed by remodeling and healing (SPMs shown in green). However, persistent infiltration of immune cells and increased secretion of cytokines mediate chronic inflammation and hold the wound in the inflammation phase without progressing to resolution or proliferative phase (red arrow). This leads to the chronicity of inflammation and nonhealing of diabetic foot ulcers. ILV: Intraluminal vesicle.