Future applications of exosomes delivering resolvins and cytokines in facilitating diabetic foot ulcer healing

Table 3 Loaded exosomes in the treatment of diabetic wounds

Pathology	Source of exosome	Modification	Outcome
Diabetic ulcerative wounds[15]	Adipose-derived stem cells	Nrf2	Treatment of animal models with exosomes high in Nrf2 expression significantly reduced ulceration area and promoted angiogenesis
Diabetes-associated impaired wound healing[50]	Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells	mmu_circ_0000250	Exosomes modified to contain more mmu_circ_0000250 had a greater effect than unmodified exosomes in endothelial repair in diabetic rats
Diabetes-associated impaired wound healing[84]	Mesenchymal stem cells	ATV	ATV-loaded exosomes enhanced angiogenesis and tissue repair in animal models compared to unmodified exosomes
Diabetic wounds[86]	Mesenchymal stem cells	MiR-155 inhibitor	Loaded exosomes promoted anti-inflammatory action and enhanced re-epithelialization
Diabetic wounds[87]	Adipose stem cells	MiR-21-5P	Loaded exosomes promoted re-epithelialization and angiogenesis. MiR-21-5P was protected from degradation

Studies have shown that exosomes may carry a myriad of therapeutic cargo to end chronic inflammation, enhance wound healing, and promote angiogenesis and re-epithelialization. miRNA: MicroRNA; Nrf2: Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; ATV: Atorvastatin.