Future applications of exosomes delivering resolvins and cytokines in facilitating diabetic foot ulcer healing

Table 2 Strategies to enhance stability and bioavailability of exosomes

Pathology	Exosomes modification	Source of exosomes	Strategy and outcomes
Impaired diabetic wound healing[13]	MiR-20b-5p-upregulated exosomes	Isolated from diabetic and non-diabetic patient blood	Exosomes derived from diabetics delayed wound healing and angiogenesis compared to exosomes sourced from non-diabetic patients in mice wounds
Diabetic foot ulcer[15]	Nrf2-rich exosomes	ADSCs (human and rat)	Increased granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, and growth factor levels and reduced levels of inflammation and oxidative stress with exosomes in a rat model
Diabetic wound[55]	Pioglitazone pre-treated exosomes	MSCs	PGZ-treated exosomes promoted angiogenesis and enhanced wound healing in a rat model
Diabetic foot ulcers[56]	LncRNA H19-overexpressed exosomes	MSCs	LncRNA h19-rich exosomes prevented apoptosis and inflammation of fibroblasts and stimulated wound healing in the mice model
Diabetic wounds[57]	Deferoxamine preconditioned exosomes	Human bone marrow	The preconditioned exosomes promoted angiogenesis and wound healing in diabetic rats
Diabetic wounds[58]	Exosomes with a bioactive nano-dressing	Adipose stromal cells	The nanodressing-conjugated exosomes significantly enhanced tissue remodeling and re-epithelialization

miRNA: MicroRNA; Nrf2: Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; lncRNA: Long non-coding RNA; ADSC: Adipose-derived stem cell; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.