Future applications of exosomes delivering resolvins and cytokines in facilitating diabetic foot ulcer healing

Table 1 Exosomes have therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases and enhance wound healing

Pathology	Source of exosome	Outcome
Inflammatory diseases[44]	Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells	Exosomes displayed an inhibitory effect in the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of T-cells and inhibit IFN-γ release
Impaired wound healing in diabetes[45]	Whole blood serum	Serum-derived exosomes promoted angiogenesis and extracellular matrix formation
Diabetic wound healing[46]	Bone marrow and adipose tissue	In mice models, adipose tissue-derived EVs promoted wound healing while those that were bone-derived did not
Diabetic wound healing[47]	Macrophages	Macrophage-derived exosomes inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines in a rat model
Diabetic wounds[48]	Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells	Exosomes accelerated cutaneous wound healing and reduced the effects of oxidative stress and promoted angiogenesis
Diabetic wounds[49]	Human amniotic epithelial cells	Exosomes promoted angiogenesis and fibroblast function via activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway

IFN: Interferon; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin.