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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Diabetes. Aug 15, 2022; 13(8): 654-664
Published online Aug 15, 2022. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i8.654
Published online Aug 15, 2022. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i8.654
Table 1 The commonly reported symptoms (mean ± SD)
| Parameter | Number of patients (n = 242) |
| Age | 59.3 (16) yr |
| Gender, n (%) | Females, 126 (52.1) |
| Males, 115 (47.5) | |
| Not mentioned, 1 (0.4) | |
| Clinical presentation, n (%) | Vomiting, 127 (52.5) |
| Abdominal pain, 96 (40) | |
| Altered mental status, 87 (36) | |
| Shock, 43 (17.8) | |
| Breathlessness, 41 (16.9) | |
| Loss of consciousness, 28 (11.6) | |
| Anuria, 22 (8.3) | |
| Cardiac arrest, 5 (2) | |
| Others, 15 (6.2) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | Diabetes, 214 (88.4) |
| Hypertension, 94 (38.8) | |
| Coronary artery disease, 34 (14.1) | |
| Chronic kidney disease, 41 (16.9) | |
| Chronic liver disease, 6 (2.5) | |
| Others, 24 (9.9) | |
| None, 22 (9.9) | |
| Not mentioned, 2 (0.8) | |
| History of psychiatric illness, n (%) | 30 (12.4) |
| History of metformin use, n (%) | 214 (88.4) |
| Type of ingestion, n (%) | Chronic use, 185 (76.4) |
| Suicidal, 52 (21.5) | |
| Accidental, 3 (1.2) | |
| Unclear, 1 (0.4) | |
| Not mentioned, 1 (0.4) | |
| Urine toxicology screen, n (%) | 15 (6.2) |
| Time to presentation after acute intoxication (h) | 10.9 ± 13.8 |
| Hypoglycemia, n (%) | 59 (24.4) |
| Therapies to reduce absorption, n (%) | Activated charcoal, 16 (6.6) |
| Gastric lavage, 14 (5.8) | |
| Whole bowel irrigation, 1 (0.4) | |
| Need for organ support, n (%) | RRT, 166 (68.6) |
| Vasopressors, 142 (58.7) | |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation, 128 (52.9) | |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 2 (0.8) | |
| Type of RRT, n (%) | Haemodialysis, 83 (34.3) |
| Continuous RRT, 60 (24.8) | |
| Slow low-efficiency dialysis, 13 (5.4) | |
| Peritoneal dialysis, 6 (2.5) | |
| Haem-adsorption columns, 3 (1.2) | |
| Plasmapheresis, 1 (0.4) | |
| Other treatments given, n (%) | Sodium bicarbonate, 158 (65.3) |
| Glucose/insulin, 15 (6.2) | |
| Methylene blue, 2 (0.8) | |
| ECMO, 2 (0.8) | |
| L-carnitine, 1 (0.4) | |
| High dose vitamin C, 1 (0.4) | |
| Development of organ failure, n (%) | Renal, 179 (74) |
| Cardiac, 144 (59.5) | |
| Pulmonary, 114 (47.1) | |
| Neurological, 88 (36.4) | |
| Liver, 18 (17.4) | |
| Haematological, 2 (0.8) | |
| Days on RRT | 3.1 ± 6.7 |
| Days on IMV | 2.2 ± 5.1 |
| Number of sessions of RRT | 2 ± 2.6 |
| Time of initiation of RRT after presentation (h) | 6.3 ± 12.7 |
| Days in hospital | 7.3 ± 11.4 |
| Days in ICU | 4.1 ± 6.6 |
| Outcome, n (%) | Alive, 192 (79.3) |
| Death, 48 (19.8) | |
| Not mentioned, 2 (0.8) |
- Citation: Juneja D, Nasa P, Jain R. Metformin toxicity: A meta-summary of case reports. World J Diabetes 2022; 13(8): 654-664
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v13/i8/654.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v13.i8.654