Age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factor profile: A pooled analysis

Table 2 Demographic characteristics, cardiovascular complications and medication use by age of diagnosis

	Age at T2DM diagnosis			Total sample (n = 1409)
	Under 40 yr (n = 196)	40-59 yr (n = 846)	60 yr or over (n = 367)
Number of participants from each dataset, n (%)
CODEC	111 (56.6)	636 (75.2)	326 (88.8)	1073 (76.2)
LYDIA	35 (17.9)	41 (4.9)	0 (0.0)	76 (5.4)
EXPEDITION	20 (10.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	20 (1.4)
DIASTOLIC	17 (8.7)	72 (8.5)	0 (0.0)	89 (6.3)
PREDICT	13 (6.6)	97 (11.5)	41 (11.2)	151 (10.7)
Current age, yr (n = 1408)	46 (38-55)	61 (56-67)	71 (68-73)	63 (55-69)
Diabetes duration, yr (n = 1408)	11 (5-21)	10 (5-15)	5 (3-8)	8 (4-14)
Sex, n (%)
Male	100 (51.0)	565 (66.8)	243 (66.2)	908 (64.4)
Female	96 (49.0)	281 (33.2)	124 (33.8)	501 (35.6)
Ethnicity, n (%)
White	125 (63.8)	665 (78.6)	333 (90.7)	1123 (79.7)
Asian	55 (28.1)	145 (17.1)	28 (7.6)	228 (16.2)
Other	6 (3.1)	33 (3.9)	5 (1.4)	44 (3.1)
Unknown	10 (5.1)	3 (0.4)	1 (0.3)	14 (1.0)
Smoking status, n (%)
Current smoker	24 (12.2)	66 (7.8)	20 (5.5)	110 (7.98)
Ex-smoker	58 (29.6)	367 (43.4)	182 (49.6)	607 (43.1)
Never smoked	114 (58.2)	413 (48.8)	165 (45.0)	692 (49.1)
Family history of T2D, n (%)
Yes	90 (45.9)	326 (38.5)	131 (35.7)	547 (38.8)
No	37 (18.9)	264 (31.2)	169 (46.1)	470 (33.3)
Unknown	69 (35.2)	256 (30.3)	67 (18.3)	393 (27.9)
Cardiovascular complications, n (%)
Myocardial infarction (n = 1233)	7 (4.3)	60 (8.0)	36 (11.1)	103 (8.4)
Heart failure (n = 1229)	4 (2.5)	12 (1.6)	9 (2.8)	25 (2.0)
Heart valve disease (n = 1228)	3 (1.8)	22 (3.0)	11 (3.4)	36 (2.9)
Atrial fibrillation (n = 1223)	2 (1.2)	42 (5.7)	20 (6.2)	64 (5.2)
Peripheral vascular disease (n = 1227)	7 (4.4)	43 (5.8)	21 (6.5)	71 (5.8)
Stroke (n = 1235)	3 (1.9)	31 (4.1)	24 (7.4)	58 (4.7)
Angina (n = 1230)	5 (3.1)	60 (8.1)	33 (10.2)	98 (8.0)
Glucose-lowering medication use, n (%)
Any glucose-lowering medication (n = 1403)	185 (94.9)	753 (89.5)	257 (70.0)	1195 (85.2)
Insulin	74 (37.8)	178 (21.0)	24 (6.5)	276 (19.6)
Metformin (n = 1407)	157 (80.1)	658 (78.0)	234 (63.8)	1049 (74.6)
Sulphonylurias (n = 1407)	36 (18.4)	205 (24.3)	51 (13.9)	292 (20.8)
DPP-4 inhibitors	18 (9.2)	139 (16.4)	39 (10.6)	196 (13.9)
GLP-1 agonists	33 (16.8)	63 (7.5)	9 (2.5)	105 (7.5)
SGLT2 inhibitors (n = 1389)	27 (17.0)	89 (11.5)	15 (4.1)	131 (10.1)
Other1 (n = 1390)	3 (1.9)	19 (2.4)	4 (1.1)	26 (2.0)
Lipid-lowering medication use, n (%)
Any lipid-lowering medication (n = 1407)	112 (57.4)	583 (69.0)	254 (69.2)	949 (67.5)
Statins (n = 1408)	108 (55.4)	580 (68.6)	251 (68.4)	939 (66.7)
Fibrates (n = 1407)	10 (5.1)	23 (2.7)	4 (1.1)	37 (2.6)
Antihypertensive medication use, n (%)
Any antihypertensive medication (n = 1389)	97 (54.8)	582 (68.8)	252 (68.9)	931 (67.0)
ACE inhibitors (n = 1390)	68 (38.4)	356 (42.1)	125 (34.1)	549 (39.5)
Alpha blockers (n = 1388)	8 (4.6)	86 (10.2)	53 (14.5)	147 (10.6)
Angiotensin receptor blockers (n = 1389)	17 (9.7)	134 (15.8)	61 (16.6)	212 (15.3)
Beta blockers (n = 1388)	20 (11.4)	157 (18.6)	70 (19.1)	247 (17.8)
Calcium channel blockers (n = 1389)	31 (17.6)	246 (29.1)	103 (28.1)	380 (27.4)
Diuretics (n = 1389)	25 (14.2)	122 (14.4)	58 (15.8)	205 (14.8)
Metabolic syndrome prevalence, n (%)2 (n = 1290)	159 (94.1)	697 (90.2)	298 (85.6)	1154 (89.5)

¹Includes alpha glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones and meglitinides.

²Defined using the global definition published by Alberti et al[24] (2005).

Data presented as median or frequency (%), as appropriate. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; SGLT-2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1; DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4.