Role of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors in the new era of antidiabetic treatment

Table 1 Characteristics of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors

	Chemistry	Half-life	HbA1c reduction (%)	Metabolism	Eliminationroute
Alogliptin	Modifiedpyrimidinedione	20 h	0.6 (mean value)	Minimal	Predominantly (> 70%) renal
Linagliptin	Xanthine-based	Approxmately 12 h (effective), > 100 h (terminal)	0.5-0.7	Minimal	Predominantly biliary (< 6% renal)
Saxagliptin	Cyanopyrrolidine	2.5 h (parent), 3 h (metabolite)	0.5-1.0	Hydrolysis (cytochrome P450 3A4 or P450 3A5) to form an active metabolite	Metabolism (parent) and renal (metabolite)
Sitagliptin	β-aminoacid based	12.5 h	0.5-1.0	Minimal	Predominantly (> 80%)
Vildagliptin	Cyanopyrrolidine	Approxmately 2 h	0.9 (mean value)	Hydrolysis (cytochrome-independent) to form an inactive metabolite	Metabolism (parent) and renal (metabolite)