Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: The dawn of diabetic wound healing

Figure 1 Molecular mechanism of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in diabetic cutaneous wound healing. A: signaling pathways most frequently studied in diabetic wound models and may potentially confirmed in diabetic chronic wounds; B: microenvironmental changes in inflammatory stage of wound healing after using mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes; C: microenvironmental changes in proliferative stage of wound healing after using mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes. PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; PI3K: Phophatidylinositol3-kinase; Akt/PKB: Protein kinase B; RAS: Rat sarcoma; Raf: Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein; ERK: Extracellular signal regulated kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-B; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; Smad2/3/4: Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic.