Baseline moderate-range albuminuria is associated with protection against severe COVID-19 pneumonia

Table 2 Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients type 2 diabetes and coronavirus disease 2019 infection, with and without albuminuria

	Diabetic patients without baseline albuminuria, n = 45	Diabetic patients with baseline albuminuria, n = 20	P value
Age (yr), mean (SD)	58.7 (9.2)	62.2 (9.0)	0.161
Median (IQR)	60.0 (50.5-65.0)	63.0 (56.5-68.8)
Sex, female, n (%)	21 (46.7)	11 (55.0)	0.602
Population group, n (%)			0.772
Jews	13 (28.9)	7 (35.0)
Arabs	32 (71.1)	13 (65.0)
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)	31.6 (4.5)	33.2 (4.6)	0.191
Median (IQR)	30.9 (28.6-33.7)	32.3 (29.7-35.9)
Diabetes duration (yr), median (IQR)	10.0 (5.5-14.0)	11.0 (5.3-17.0)	0.251
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2 body surface area) at baseline, median (IQR)	90.5 (77.8-99.5)	95.3 (69.6-101.1)	0.903
HbA1c (%), median (IQR)	7.2 (6.6-8.4)	8.9 (7.3-10.4)	0.023
Metformin, n (%)	41 (91.1)	15 (75)	0.124
DPP-4 inhibitors, n (%)	15 (33.3)	3 (15)	0.152
Sulfonylurea, n (%)	5 (11.1)	2 (10)	1.004
SGLT2 inhibitors, n (%)	15 (33.3)	3 (15)	0.152
GLP-1 agonists, n (%)	8 (17.8)	4 (20)	1.004
Basal insulin, n (%)	8 (17.8)	10 (50)	0.0152
Prandial insulin, n (%)	2 (4.4)	4 (20)	0.0674
Current smoking, n (%)	2 (4.4)	2 (10)	0.584
Retinopathy, n (%)	4 (12.9)	3 (20)	0.674
NLRmax, median (IQR)	6.2 (2.5-9.4)	6.7 (2.6-18.0)	0.483
CRP (mg/L) at admission, median (IQR)	90.4 (10.9-153.6)	43.9 (12.5-106.8)	0.333
CRPmax (mg/L) at hospitalization, median (IQR)	92.8 (11.4-171.3)	61.0 (12.5-157.3)	0.603
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2 body surface area) at hospitalization, median (IQR)	90.3 (77.0-98.4)	94.3 (67.8-101)	0.763
Albumin, median (IQR)	3.6 (3.3-4.0)	3.6 (3.1-3.9)	0.251

¹Independent sample t-test.

²Chi-square test.

³Mann-Whitney test.

⁴Fisher’s exact test.

IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; DPP-4: Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4; SGLT2: Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1; NLR_max: Maximum neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio; CRP: C-reactive protein; CRP_max: Maximum C-reactive protein.