Holistic perspective of the role of gut microbes in diabetes mellitus and its management

Table 1 Changes in the microbiome in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Location	Change in microbiome	Ref.
Type 1 diabetes
Gastrointestinal tract	(1) Decreased: Prevotella; Megamona; Acidaminococcus; and (2) Increased: Bacteriodes	Elena et al[25], 2019
Gastrointestinal tract	(1) Decreased: Bifidobacterium adolescentis; Bifidobacteria; and (2) Increased: Clostridium perfingens; Bacteroides	De Goffau et al[122], 2013
Gastrointestinal tract	Increased: Leptotrichia goodfellowii; Bacillus cerus; Enterobacter mori LMG 25706	Tai et al[123], 2016
Gastrointestinal tract	Increased: Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes	Giongo et al[124], 2011
Gastrointestinal tract	(1) Decreased: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii; and (2) Increased: Bacteroides dorei; Bacteroides vulgatus	De Goffa et al[125], 2014
Gastrointestinal tract	(1) Decreased: Prevotella; Akkermansia; Bifidobacterium adolescentis; Roseburia faecis; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii; and (2) Increased: Dialister invisus; Gemella sanguinis; Difidobacterium longum	Brown et al[126], 2011
Type 2 diabetes
Gastrointestinal tract	(1) Decreased: Clostridium coccoides; Clostridium leptum; and (2) Increased: Lactobacillus	Chen et al[28], 2019
Gastrointestinal tract	(1) Decreased: Bifidobacterium; Bacteroides; Faecalibacterium; Akkermansia; Roseburia; and (2) Increased: Ruminococcus; Fusobacterium; Blautia	Gurung et al[30], 2020
Gastrointestinal tract	(1) Decreased: Bifidobacterium; Akkermansia; and (2) Increased: Dorea	Li et al[127], 2020
Gastrointestinal tract	(1) Decreased: Bifdobacterium; and (2) Increased: Lactobacillus	Sedighi et al[31], 2017
Blood	(1) Decreased: Aquabacterium; Xanthomonas; Pseudonocardia; and (2) Increased: Actinotalea; Alishewanella; Seiminibacterium; Pseudoclavibacter	Qiu et al[38], 2019