Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in the Middle East and North Africa: Challenges and call for action

Table 4 Select studies reporting on diabetic foot ulcer and macrovascular complications of diabetes for the Middle East and North Africa region

Complication	Ref.	Country	Sample size (% male)	Setting	Duration of diabetes (yr)	Method of assessment	Prevalence %
Diabetic foot ulcer	Assaad-Khalil et al[88], 2015	Egypt (Alexandria)	2000 (50.0)	Diabetes Foot Clinic	11.7 ± 8.3	Physical exam	8.7
	Al-Rubeaan et al[89], 2015	Saudi Arabia	62681 (52.4)	Saudi National Diabetes Registry	13.3 ± 8.1	Chart review	2.1
	Yazdanpanah et al[92], 2018	Iran (Ahfaz)	605 (42.8)	Diabetes Clinic	9.2 ± 7.1	Physical exam	6.4
	AlAyed et al[93], 2017	Jordan	1000 (48.2)	Diabetes Clinic	57.1% ≥ 5	Physical exam	5.3
Peripheral vascular disease	Akram et al[90], 2011	Pakistan	830 (49.0)	Outpatient Clinic	8.1 ± 6.2 low ABI; .4 ± 6.4 normal ABI	ABI below 0.9	31.6
Coronary artery disease	Saeedi et al[4], 2020	Iran (Kurdistan)	400 (18.0)	Diabetes Clinic	14.6 ± 4.1	Angiography or physician	21.7 (5.75 CABG, 3.75 angioplasty)
	Abu Al-Halaweh et al[81], 2017	Palestine	1308 (35.9)	Primary Care Centers	7.1 ± 6.3	Questionnaire	12.2 (myocardial infarction)
	Afsharian et al[80], 2016	Iran (Tehran)	1198 (42.1)	Community-based	NA	Physician assessment	23.4

ABI: Ankle brachial index; NA: Not available; CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting.