Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in the Middle East and North Africa: Challenges and call for action

Table 2 Prevalence of prediabetes (%) in some Middle East and North Africa countries

Ref.	Country, yr	Age group (n)	Definition of prediabetes	Sampling technique	Prevalence of prediabetes % (95%CI)
					Male	Female	Total
Nasrallah et al[29]	Lebanon (Beirut area), 2014	≥ 18 yr (501)	IFG: FPG 5.6-6.9 mmol/L or A1c 5.8%-6.49%	Probability multistage random sampling	48.0 (40.6-55.4)	36.0 (30.7-41.3)	40.3 (36.0-44.6)
Mansour et al[38]	Iraq, 2011-2012	19-94 yr (5445)	IFG: FPG 5.7-6.9 mmol/L or A1c: 5.7%-6.4%	Population-based random sample	28.6	29.5	29.1
Al-Rubeaan et al[19]	Saudi Arabia, 2007-2009	≥ 30 yr (18034)	IFG: FPG 5.6-6.9 mmol/L	Random household national sample	26.4	24.7	25.5
Saadi et al[39]	United Arab Emirates (Al-Ain), 2005-2006	> 18 yr (2455)	IFG: FPG 5.6-6.9 mmol/l or IGT	Simple random sample	19.7	22.8	22.8
Alkandari et al[40]	Kuwait, 2014	18-69 yr (2561)	IFG: FPG 6.1-6.9 mmol/L	Random sample	19.3 (16.9-22.0)	19.5 (17.6-21.5)	19.4 (17.9-21.0)
Esteghamati et al[41]	Iran, 2011	25-70 yr (11867)	IFG: FPG 5.6-6.9 mmol/L	Randomized multistage cluster sample	15.45 (12.71-18.18)	13.74 (11.55-15.94)	14.6 (12.41-16.78)
Basit et al[34]	Pakistan, 2016-2017	≥ 20 yr (10834)	IFG: FPG 6.1-6.9 mmol/L orIGT	Multistage clustering technique	NA	NA	14.4
Bener et al[42]	Qatar, 2007-2008	> 20 yr (1117)	IFG: FPG 5.6-6.9 mmol/L or IGT	Multistage stratified cluster sampling	NA	NA	13.8
Gunaid et al[43]	Yemen, 2000	≥ 35 yr (250)	IFG: FPG 5.6-6.1 mmol/L or IGT	Multistage random sampling	5.7 (2.8-8.6)	10.9 (7.1-14.7)	9.0 (6.0-12.0)
Albache et al[30]	Syria (Aleppo), 2006	≥ 25 yr (806)	IFG: FPG 6.1-6.9 mmol/L	Random sampling	10.4 (4.7-21.0)	6.8 (2.9-15.1)	8.6 (3.8-18.1)
Al-Lawati et al[44]	Oman, 2000	≥ 20 yr (5838)	IFG: FPG 6.1-6.9 mmol/L	Multistage stratified probability sampling	7.1 (6.2-8.1)	5.1 (4.4-6.0)	6.1 (5.5-6.8)
Bouguerra et al[45]	Tunisia, 1996-1997	≥ 19 yr (7860)	IFG: FPG 6.1-6.9 mmol/L	National cross-sectional sample	4.58	4.91	NA

IFG: Impaired fasting glucose according to specified glucose range; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance (using World Health Organization definition, glucose ≥ 7.8 but < 11.1 mmol/L, 2 h after 75 gm oral glucose load); CI: Confidence interval; NA: Not available; A1c: Hemoglobin A1c.