Gut microbiota as a target for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: Mechanisms and dietary natural products

Figure 2 Increased plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids induced by dysbiosis are closely associated with obesity and diabetes. The accumulation of branched-chain amino acids inhibits complete oxidation of fatty acids, induces energy metabolism disorder, including ATP production, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, thereby causing energy metabolism disorder, and induces inflammation by targeting nuclear factor-κB and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. TCA: Tricarboxylic acid; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; mTORC1: Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; BCAAs: Branched-chain amino acids.