Copyright
©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Diabetes. Jul 15, 2021; 12(7): 954-974
Published online Jul 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i7.954
Published online Jul 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i7.954
Table 2 Possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying ejaculatory dysfunctions in diabetes mellitus (animal studies)
Ref. | Postulated mechanisms | Possible ejaculatory dysfunction |
McVary et al[36], Yagihashi et al[49] | Pathologic changes in the nerve supply of seminal tract due to accumulation of AGE increased ROS (sympathetic neuropathy) | Prolongation of EL |
Tomlinson et al[50], Longhurst et al[51] | Decreased number of synapses in thoracic ganglia | Reduction of the numbers of ejaculations |
Kaschube et al[52], Kamata et al[53] | Axonopathy in postganglionic sympathetic fibers | Disturbed the emission phase |
Güneş et al[54], Tsounapi et al[55] | Neuropathic changes in hypogastric nerve and motor pudendal nerve fibers | Disruption of the ejection phase |
Tomlinson et al[50], Longhurst et al[51], Kaschube et al[52], Kamata et al[53], Güneş et al[54] | Hypersensitivity (supersensitivity) of seminal tract smooth muscles to exogenous noradrenaline | Reduction of EL |
Sakai et al[56], Sakai et al[57] | Hyperactivity of Ca channels in smooth muscles | Reduction of EL |
Ebiko et al[37], Yonezawa et al[38]Yagihashi et al[49], Torimoto et al[60] | Sympathetic neuropathy and external urethral sphincter relaxation dysfunction | Disruption of bladder neck closure |
Disruption of AE | ||
Sandrini et al[61], Abraham et al[62] | Changes in serotonergic transmission | Reduction or prolongation of EL |
Seethalakshmi et al[71], Wolfe et al[72] | Impaired hypothalamic or pituitary signaling | Decreased sexual performance |
Oksanen et al[73], Sudha et al[74] | Deficiency of gonadotropic hormones or blockade of their actions | Decreased sexual performance |
Ballester et al[75], Neirijnck et al[76] | Decrease in number and function of Leydig cells | Decreased sexual performance |
Neirijnck et al[76] | Defective testicular steroidogenesis | Decreased sexual performance |
Kühn-Velten et al[64], Anderson et al[65], Ricci et al[66], Murray et al[67], Cameron et al[68], Ohta et al[69], Nakane et al[70] | Reduced serum levels of LH and testosterone (T) | Decreased sexual performance |
McVary et al[36], Minaz et al[48], Steger et al[85], Al-Roujayee et al[86], Kashif et al[87] | Reduced libido | Decreased sexual performance, decreased mount frequency, and reduced EL |
Hassan et al[45], Steger et al[77] | Reduced reproductive organ weight | Exact Effects on ejaculation still unknown |
- Citation: Mostafa T, Abdel-Hamid IA. Ejaculatory dysfunction in men with diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2021; 12(7): 954-974
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v12/i7/954.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i7.954