Comprehensive overview of human serum albumin glycation in diabetes mellitus

Table 2 Effects of glycation on the binding of human serum albumin to various ligands

Ref.	Ligands	In vivo/ vitro/ex vivo	Glycation level of HSA	Binding affinity
Nakajou et al[75]	Warfarin	In vitro	HSA glycated with 2.5 mmol/L, 12.5 mmol/L, and 50 mmol/L glucose	↑
Baraka-Vidot et al[35]	Warfarin	In vitro and Ex vivo	HSA purified from blood and HSA glycated with 25 mmol/L or 100 mmol/L glucose	↓
Joseph et al[76]	Warfarin	In vitro	HSA glycated with 0.5 mol/L glucose	→
Qiu et al[53]	Warfarin	In vivo	HSA from diabetic patients	↑
Joseph et al[76]	Tryptophan	In vitro	HSA glycated with 0.5 mol/L glucose	↑4.7-5.8-fold
Nakajou et al[75]	Dansylsarcosine	In vitro	HSA glycated with 2.5 mmol/L, 12.5 mmol/L, and 50 mmol/L glucose	↓
Qiu et al[53]	Heparin	In vitro and in vivo	HSA from diabetic patients	→
Guerin-Dubourg et al[81]	Copper	In vivo	HSA purified from diabetic patients and control individuals	↓16%
Koizumi et al[82]	Furosemide	In vitro	Prepared from HSA, and commercial HSA	↓
Okabe et al[83]	Phenylbutazone	In vitro	Each mole of HSA contains 1.94 moles of glucose	↓
Yamazaki et al[84]	Fatty acids	In vitro	HSA glycated with 100 mmol/L glucose	↓
Karp et al[85]	Diazepam	In vitro	HSA glycated with 140 mmol/L glucose	→
Karp et al[85]	Bilirubin	In vitro	HSA glycated with 140 mmol/L glucose	↓30%
Okabe et al[83]	Ibuprofen	In vitro	Each mole of HSA contains 1.94 moles of glucose	↓20
Okabe et al[83]	Dansylproline	In vitro	Each mole of HSA contains 1.94 moles of glucose	↓25%
Okabe et al[83]	Flufenamic acid	In vitro	Each mole of HSA contains 1.94 moles of glucose	↓
Koizumi et al[82]	Naproxen	In vitro	Prepared from HSA, and commercial HSA	→

“→”: No change; “↑”: Increase; “↓”: Decrease; HSA: Human serum albumin.