Blood glucose response after oral lactulose intake in type 2 diabetic individuals

Table 6 Blood glucose endpoints: 30 g glucose vs 30 g liquid and crystal lactulose

	Glucose 30 g		Liquid and crystal lactulose 30 g			Treatment	P value
Variable	n	LS mean (95%CI)	Formu-lation	n	LS mean (95%CI)	Difference (95%CI)
AUCbaseline_c (0-180 min) (min/mmol/L)	16	459.83 (413.74, 505.92)	Liquid	15	-41.01 (-88.72, 6.70)	500.84 (439.43, 562.26)	< 0.0001
			Crystals	16	-30.70 (-76.75, 15.35)	490.54 (431.89, 549.18)	< 0.0001
AUC(0-180 min) (min/mmol/L)	16	1732.57 (1686.48, 1778.66)	Liquid	15	1231.73 (1184.02, 1279.43)	500.84 (439.43, 562.26)	< 0.0001
			Crystals	16	1242.03 (1195.98, 1288.08)	490.54 (431.89, 549.18)	< 0.0001
iAUC(0-180 min) (min/mmol/L)	16	481.14 (449.56, 512.72)	Liquid	15	42.05 (9.51, 74.60)	439.08 (394.55, 483.62)	< 0.0001
			Crystals	16	27.65 (-3.91, 59.21)	453.49 (409.96, 497.02)	< 0.0001
Cmax (mmol/L)	16	13.22 (12.90, 13.55)	Liquid	15	8.07 (7.73, 8.41)	5.16 (4.71, 5.61)	< 0.0001
			Crystals	16	7.77 (7.44, 8.09)	5.46 (5.02, 5.89)	< 0.0001
Max_increase (mmol/L)	16	6.15 (5.83, 6.48)	Liquid	15	1.00 (0.66, 1.34)	5.16 (4.71, 5.61)	< 0.0001
			Crystals	16	0.70 (0.37, 1.02)	5.46 (5.02, 5.89)	< 0.0001

AUC_{baseline_c (0-180 min)}: Baseline-corrected area under the curve from 0 to 180 min; AUC_{(0-180 min)}: Area under the curve from 0 to 180 min; iAUC_{(0-180 min)}: Incremental AUC_{(0-180 min)}, i.e., area above baseline levels of blood glucose concentration; C_max: Maximum blood glucose concentration; Max_increase: Maximum blood glucose concentration minus baseline value; LS mean: Adjusted least square mean obtained from analysis of covariance model.