Endothelial impairment evaluation by peripheral arterial tonometry in pediatric endocrinopathies: A narrative review

Table 3 Study characteristics for reactive hyperemic index-Endopat 2000 in different pediatric endocrine populations

Ref.	Study design	Aim of study	Population: age mean ± SD or median (range); n [F/M]	Control group: age mean ± SD or median (range); n [F/M]	RHI result: mean (SD)	Outcomes
Bhangoo et al[44], 2011	CSS	Relation of puberty and sex steroids with endothelial function	Healthy population: Tanner I: 12.1 (0.6), n = 21 [19/2] Tanner II-III: 12.7 (0.7), n = 35 [21/14] Tanner IV-V: 13 (0.7), n = 33 [22/11]		Tanner I 1.46 (0.44) vs Tanner II-III 1.71 (0.35)a. Tanner I 1.46 (0.44) vs IV-V 1.92 (0.38)b. Tanner II-III value n.avs IV-V value NAa. F Tanner II-III 1.66 (0.38) vs F IV-V 1.91 (0.29)a. M Tanner I 1.41 (0.35) vs M Tanner II-III 1.78 (0.30)b. M Tanner I vs M Tanner IV-V 1.93 (0.67)a.	PAT index positively related with estradiol, DHEAS levels and age.
O’Gorman et al[94], 2012	CCS	Evaluation of EF in TS, and HC.	Turner syndrome: 13.5 (2.4), n = 15 [15/0]. Turner syndrome: GH-untreated 14.3 (2.4), n = 8. Turner syndrome: GH-treated 12.7 (2), n = 7.	Healthy children (HC) 14.3 (1.7), n = 15 [15/0]	Turner syndrome: 1.64 (0.34) vs HC 2.08 (0.32)b. Turner syndrome: GH-untreated 1.44 (0.26) vs GH-treated 1.86 (0.28)a.	PAT index lower in TS indicating impaired EF compared with HC.GH may protect endothelial function in TS.
Ruble et al[78], 2015	CCS	Evaluation of RHI in ALL survivors, compared with HS.	ALL survivors: (0.9), n = 16 [8/8]. HS:13.8 (0.9), n = 16 [6/10].	HS: 14.3 (1.7), n = 15 [15/0]	ALL survivors 1.54 (0.38) vs HS 1.77 (0.41)a.	Poorer vascular health ALL survivors.
Blair et al[77], 2014	RCCT	Evaluation of flavanoid-rich purple grape juice (compared in RCCT with clear apple juice) on endothelial function, markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in cancer survivors.	Cancer survivors (hematopoietic malignancy 50%, solid tumor 50%) 16.4 (13.7–17.2), n = 24 [17/7]		Cancer survivors. Before apple juice 1.57 (0.36) vs before grape juice 1.75 (0.52). After apple juice 1.83 (0.47) vs after grape juice 1.75 (0.39). Before grape juice 1.57 (0.52) vs after grape juice 1.75 (0.39).	After four weeks of daily consumption of flavanoid-rich purple grape juice, no measurable change in vascular function in young cancer survivors.

^aP<0.05.

^bP<0.005.

CSS: Cross sectional study; CCS: Case control study; F: Female; GH: Growth hormone; HC: Healthy controls; HS: Healthy siblings; ALL: Acute lymphoid leukemia; M: Male; NA: Not available; RHI: Reactive hyperemic index; RCCT: Randomized controlled crossover trial.