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©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2021; 12(6): 810-826
Published online Jun 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.810
Published online Jun 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.810
Table 2 EndoPat 2000 in pediatric population with metabolic syndrome
Ref. | Design | Aim of the study | Population: age in years; mean ± SD or median (range) | Control group: age in years; mean ± SD or median (range) | RHI reported in arbitrary units. If RHI not specified, we reported p trend or positive/negative relation with parameters examined | RHI outcomes |
Dongui et al[58], 2019 | QRS | Impact of diet and exercise on microvascular function | Sedentary OB Age 12-18, n = 57 [F/M = 0/57] | Healthy NW Age 12-20, n = 10 [F/M 0/10] | OB 1.43 (0.35) vs CG 1.67 (0.36)a. After exercise OB vs CGa. OB Pre-exercise vs Post-Exercisea. | RHI higher in CG. In OB RHI improved after 6 wk of diet and exercise. |
Pareyn A et al[59], 2015 | CSS | Assessment of EF in OB/OW adolescents | OW/OB Age 14.7, n = 27 [F/M 11/16] | NW Age 15.5, n = 25 [F/M 13/12] | NW 1.88 (1.7-2.4) vs OW 1.5 (1.3-1.9)a. Positively with agea and tanner stagea. Negatively with diastolic BPa. With BGL, insulin lipid profilec. | RHI lower in OB/OW adolescents. RHI improved with age and Tanner stage. RHI decreased with higher diastolic BP. RHI not related with lipid, IR, BGL and gender. RHI inversely related with baseline pulse amplitude. |
Agarwal et al[60], 2013 | CSS | Assessment of EF in OB/NW adolescents | OB Age 15.3 (0.4) years, n = 37 [F/M 26/11] | NW Age 14.9 (0.6), n = 14 [F/M 9/5] | OB 1.7 (0) vs NW 1.9 (0.1)a. OB IGR 1.63a. Other values reported like p trend. | RHI lower in obese adolescents. RHI negatively related with BMI, WC, BGL, HOMA-IR, Leptin, TNF, hs-CRP. No relationship with lipid profile and BP. |
Mahmud et al[61], 2009 | RA | Evaluation of EF in OB adolescents with impaired IS | OB with HOMA-IR 5.4 Age 13.4 (1.7), n = 26 [F/M 10/16] | NW, healthyAge 14 (1.4), n = 51 [F/M 21/30] | OB 1.5 (0.4) vs NW 2 (0.4)b. Other values reported like p trend. | EF lower in OB and negatively related with adiposity, TG, LDL and Tot-Chol. RHI improved with age. RHI not correlated with Leptin, IR or gender. |
Tomsa et al[62], 2016 | CSS | Comparing EF to body fat, IS, BGL and CIM in dysglicemic and OW adolescents | OW with NGT, n = 25, OW with IGT n = 19, OW with T2D but HB1Ac < 8% n = 16; Age 15.5 (0.2) Total n = 60 [F/M 37/23] | NW Age 15.5 (0.2), n = 21 [F/M 9/12] | BMI 30.91.2 (0) vs BMI 30.41.5 (0) vs BMI 26.72.0 (0)p trenda. Negatively with WC, BGL, TNF, PAIa, leptinb. Positively with age and insulin sensitivitya. BP, lipid profilec. For exact values see reference. | RHI lower in OB and T2DM. RHI negatively related with percentage body fat, WC, Leptin, TNF-alpha, BGL. RHI positively related with age and. RHI not related with BP and lipid profile. |
Del Ry et al[63], 2016 | RA | C-type Natriuretic Peptide in OW, OB and NW. Relation with RHI and other endothelial markers | OW AGE 12.8 (1.6) n = 10; [F/M 5/5]. OB, G 3.5 (1), AGE 12.8 (1.6) n = 45; [F/M19/26]. | NW, AGE 12.8 (1.4) n = 27; [F/M 14/13] | NW 2.1 (0.2) vs OW 1.6 (0.4)a. NW vs OB 1.4 (0.3)b. Negatively with CNPb. Exact values non reported. | RHI was significantly lower in OW/OB. CNP negatively related with RHI. |
Del Ry et al[64], 2020 | RA | Natriuretic peptide network in normal weight and obese adolescents, its relation with RHI. | Primary OB Not diabetic, Age 13.3 (0.5) n = 16; [F/M8/8]. | NW, Age 14.3 (0.4) n = 24; [F/M14/10]. | NW 2.1 (0) vs OB 1.4 (0)b. Negatively with CNP, hs CRP, diastolic BPb. Exact values non reported. | RHI significantly lower in OB.RHI negatively related with hs-CRP, CNP, diastolic BP, fat mass and A1C. |
Singh et al[65], 2017 | RA | Relation between EF and urinary markers | OW and OB Age 13.8 (2.4) n = 43; [F/M 23/20] | Healthy NW Age 13.9 (2) n = 20; [F/M 8/12] | NW 1.6 (0.1) vs OW 1.66 (0.1)c and OB 1.67 (0.1)c. NW girls 1.9 vs NW boys 1.25b. | No correlation between RHI, BMI and urinary markers. RHI higher in NW female adolescents |
Czippelova et al[66], 2019 | RA | Assessment of EF in different systemic vascular resistances. Comparing EF to Cardio Ankle Vascular Index | OB No DM or HBP Age 16.4 (2.7) n = 29 [F/M 14/15] | NW Age 16.5 (2.6) n = 29 [F/M NR] | NW 1.45 (0.3) vs OB 1.4 (0.3)c. Positively with SVRa. | No difference between RHI in OB and CG RHI was influenced by vascular tone and resistance. RHI in OB positively related with SVR. |
Kochummen et al[24], 2019 | CSS | Evaluation of EF in OB with normal BGL comparing to NW with T1DM1 and OB with T2DM | NW with DM1 and OB DM2 Age 12.7 (3.8) n = 41 [F/M 25/16] | OB with normal BGL, BP and lipid profile. Age 12.8 (2.7) n = 17 [F/M 9/8] | A1C > 10% 1.2 (0.2) vs A1C < 10% 1.7 (0.6)a. Negatively with A1Ca. DM 1.4 (0.5) vs obese 1.4 (0.3)c. T1D 1.4 (0.5) vs T2D1.5 (0.5)c. Female 1.5 (0.5) vs male 1.3 (0.4)a. | RHI lower in poorly controlled DM. RHI negatively related with A1C. RHI similar between OB and NW with DM and between DM1 and DM2. RHI lower in males especially in OB without DM. |
Bruyndonckx et al[67], 2014 | CSS | Evaluation of EF and correlation with CVRF in children | OB Age 15.2 (1.4) n = 57 | NW Age 15.5 (1.5) n = 30 | NW 2 (0.6) vs OB 2.2 (0.7)c. Lipid, HOMA-IR, BP, hsCRPc. | RHI not related with BMI, HOMA-IR, BP, lipid or hsCRP. RHI not homogenous with “Time to peak”. |
Tryggestad et al[68], 2012 | RA | Evaluation of vascular function in OB and NW children | OB Age 13.9 (2.5) n = 62 (F/M 32/30) | NW Age 13.3 (3) n = 61 (F/M 30/31) | OB vs CGc. Exact values reported for age and BMI ( see reference). Age group 8-12 yr: 1.6-2.0a. Age group 13-18 yr: 2.0-2.5a. | RHI similar in OB and CG. RHI improved 0.07 for each year of age in CG. RHI was reduced in older OB. RHI not related with BP and lipid profile. |
Fusco et al[69], 2020 | RA | Assessment of precocious microvascular dysfunction in OB adolescents | OB Age 14.1 (2.5), n = 22 [F/M 13/9] | NW Age 15.1 (1.5) n = 24 [F/M 11/13] | OB 1.8 (0.6) vs CG1.9 (0.5)c. | RHI not different between CG and OB. RHI not correlated with LDF (that is impaired in OB). |
Bacha et al[74], 2017 | CSS | Comparing EF in hispanic adolescents with and without NAFLD | OW with pre diabetes or T2DM with NAFLD Age 15.2 (0.5) n = 23 [F/M 12/11] | OW with pre-diabetes or TD2 without NAFLD Age 15.7 (0.4) n = 13 [F/M 3/10] | NAFLD 1.4 (0) vs CG 1.7 (0)b. | Hepatic fat and AST/ALT levels were inversely related with RHI. |
- Citation: La Valle A, Crocco M, Chiarenza DS, Maghnie M, d'Annunzio G. Endothelial impairment evaluation by peripheral arterial tonometry in pediatric endocrinopathies: A narrative review. World J Diabetes 2021; 12(6): 810-826
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v12/i6/810.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.810