Renal gluconeogenesis in insulin resistance: A culprit for hyperglycemia in diabetes

Figure 1 Schematic overview of renal gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathway and enzyme localization. The key enzymes of gluconeogenesis (1) pyruvate carboxylase; (2) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; (3) fructose-1,6-biphosphatase; and (4) glucose 6-phosphatase are predominantly localized in the renal cortical cells whereas, the glycolytic key enzymes (1) hexokinase; (2) phosphofructokinase; and (3) pyruvate kinase are found in the renal medulla.